The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America

by Colin G. Calloway

Overview

In this superb volume in Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments series, Colin Calloway reveals how the Treaty of Paris of 1763 had a profound effect on American history, setting in motion a cascade of unexpected consequences, as Indians and Europeans, settlers and frontiersmen, all struggled to adapt to new boundaries, new alignments, and new relationships.

Britain now possessed a vast American empire stretching from Canada to the Florida Keys, yet the crushing costs of maintaining it would push its colonies toward rebellion. White settlers, free to pour into the West, clashed as never before with Indian tribes struggling to defend their way of life. In the Northwest, Pontiac's War brought racial conflict to its bitterest level so far. Whole ethnic groups migrated, sometimes across the continent: it was 1763 that saw many exiled settlers from Acadia in French Canada move again to Louisiana, where they would become Cajuns. Calloway unfurls this panoramic canvas with vibrant narrative skill, peopling his tale with memorable characters such as William Johnson, the Irish baronet who moved between Indian campfires and British barracks; Pontiac, the charismatic Ottawa chieftain; and James Murray, Britains first governor in Quebec, who fought to protect the religious rights of his French Catholic subjects.

Most Americans know the significance of the Declaration of Independence or the Emancipation Proclamation, but not the Treaty of Paris. Yet 1763 was a year that shaped our history just as decisively as 1776 or 1862. This captivating book shows why.

Winner of the Society of Colonial Wars Book Award for 2006

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780195300710
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
Publication date:	05/01/2006
Series:	Pivotal Moments in American History
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	240
Product dimensions:	9.30(w) x 6.20(h) x 1.20(d)

About the Author

Colin G. Calloway is Professor of History and Samson Occom Professor of Native American Studies at Dartmouth College. His many books on early American history include New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America and The American Revolution in Indian Country. His most recent work, One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark (2003), received the Ray Allen Billington Prize, the Merle Curti Award, and many other prizes and was named one of Publishers Weekly's Best Books of the Year.

Table of Contents

	Editor's Note	xi
	Acknowledgments	xv
	1763 Timeline	xvi
	Introduction: War, Peace, and Revolution	3
1	America and Americans in 1763	19
2	Contested Lands	47
	Land and Freedom in Indian Country	48
	Emigrants and Settlers	56
	Speculators	60
3	The First War of Independence	66
	Pontiac's War	67
	The Settlers' War	76
	The Redcoats' War	81
4	Setting Boundaries	92
	A Line in the Mountains	92
	The Treaty of Augusta and the Southern Indians	100
5	Endings and Endurance in French America	112
	Quebec	113
	The Interior French	122
6	Louisiana Transfer and Mississippi Frontier	133
	A New Order in Lower Mississippi Indian Country	134
	Lingering French and Reluctant Spanish	138
	Frontier Defenses and Indian Power in the West	142
7	Exiles and Expulsions	150
	Leaving Florida	152
	Jesuit Expulsion and Acadian Reunion	157
	Epilogue: A Tale of Two Treaties	165
	Notes	173
	Index	209

Editorial Reviews

"An engrossing, gracefully written volume....Like its companion titles in Oxford University Press' 'Pivotal Moments in American History' project, this book stresses the power of contingency and individual agnacy....The Scratch of a Pen represents a worthy addition to the series, and a necessary read for anyone interested in how military-diplomatic events impacted society and culture in pre-Revolutionary America."—Alan Cate, Parameters

"Well crafted, scholarly, and stimulating, this book offers fresh perspectives on a signpost year."—Stephen Brumwell, American Historical Review

"An impressive achievement."—The International History Review

"What makes Calloway's work significant is the way he tells the story. He covers a vast amount of material in a small amount of space yet manages to maintain its complex nuances without confusing the reader or obscuring the event....[A]n excellent introduction to the complexity of early America. The book will give readers of all types the opportunity to understand a truly pivotal moment in American history."—Reviews in American History

"Forget the constitution and the Declaration of Independence: it was the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763 at the close of the French and Indian War, that set the stage for the birth of America."—Atlantic Monthly

"A colonial revolution, Indian wars for independence, the cultural survival of a defeated empire...all here brought into sharp focus by Calloway's illuminating account."—Boston Globe

"A spellbinding tale of a year in American history....In 1763, with the peace treaty that ended the French and Indian War, France and Spain handed over all the territory east of the Mississippi, as well as Canada, to the British. Calloway's enthralling chronicle follows the lives of settlers, Indians and immigrants as this new British rule affected them. He demonstrates convincingly that the seeds of the American Revolution were planted in 1763, as a near-bankrupt Britain began to impose heavy 'taxation without representation....' This first-rate cultural history, part of Oxford's Pivotal Moments in American History series, reveals that the events of 1763 changed not only the political geography of a nation but also its cultural geography, as various groups moved from one part of the country to another."—Publishers Weekly (starred review)

"Colin Calloway's engaging and absorbing new book makes a persuasive case for adding 1763 to the short list of watershed years—among them 1492, 1607, 1776, 1861, 1929, and 1941—that have shaped America. Moving with ease from London and Paris to Detroit and New Orleans, from Indian villages to frontier settlements, from glorious visions to grubby realities, The Scratch of a Pen somehow never loses sight of the colorful cast of characters occupying center stage in that tumultuous time. These peoples come vividly to life in a fascinating tale full of profound consequences—intended, and otherwise—for the shape of things to come."—James H. Merrell, author of Into the American Woods

"In this compact and beautifully crafted book, Colin Calloway shows how mid-eighteenth-century North America stood at the vortex of global conflict and how the Seven Years War reshaped the continent's human as well political geography. By seeing epic events through Native American eyes, as well as through the eyes of the Spanish, French, and English, Calloway captures the full continent-wide drama triggered by the end of the 'great war for empire' in 1763. A resoundingly successful book."—Gary B. Nash, author of The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America

"The year 1763 was a pivotal one in American history, witnessing a peace treaty that set in motion enormous changes. The Scratch of a Pen looks at how 1763 laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, but it is far richer than that. With striking clarity and graceful prose, Colin Calloway explores every nook and cranny of this extraordinary year, revealing blunders, deceit, treachery, tragedies, and triumphs that would in time turn the world upside down and change America forever."—John Ferling, author of A Leap in the Dark and Adams vs. Jefferson

"Calloway's work promises to deepen both academic and popular interest in the Seven Years War and eighteenth-century-America."—Andrew Denson, Indiana Magazine of History

"This book will enlighten many people who thought they had a reasonably solid grasp of this period in American history."—Kenneth J. Moynihan, The Historian

"For a synthesis of such great breadth, it is not only remarkable coherent, but elegant...It demonstrates that greater attention should be paid not only to the diplomatic encounters between Europeans and natives, but among native groups."—Karim M. Tiro, Diplomatic History

From the Publisher

Dartmouth historian Calloway (author of the outstanding One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark) tells a spellbinding tale of a year in American history. In 1763, with the peace treaty that ended the French and Indian War, France and Spain handed over all the territory east of the Mississippi, as well as Canada, to the British. In this one stroke, settlers both on the East Coast and on the frontier came under British rule. Calloway's enthralling chronicle follows the lives of settlers, Indians and immigrants as this new British rule affected them. He demonstrates convincingly that the seeds of the American Revolution were planted in 1763, as a near-bankrupt Britain began to impose heavy "taxation without representation." The year brought bloody skirmishes between Indians, who were being pushed off more of their lands, and settlers; Calloway also narrates the expulsion of Acadians from Nova Scotia and their resettlement in Louisiana. This first-rate cultural history, part of Oxford's Pivotal Moments in American History series, reveals that the events of 1763 changed not only the political geography of a nation but also its cultural geography, as various groups moved from one part of the country to another. B&w illus., maps. (Apr.) Copyright 2006 Reed Business Information.

Publishers Weekly

Lucid, brief survey of the aftereffects of the French and Indian War in America. As Calloway (History/Dartmouth; One Vast Winter Count, 2003, etc.) writes, the Seven Years War lasted nine years in America, and it had the result of ending the half-century-long competition between France and Britain for control of Canada and the trans-Appalachian West. Britain fared badly at the beginning of the war, but its fate turned for the better with William Pitt's becoming de facto prime minister. Pitt articulated a simple strategy to "reduce France from an imperial power to a continental power by stripping away its colonies." In doing so, the British suffered great losses at the hands of Captain Donald Campbell, a born leader who helped suppress Pontiac's War, which broke out soon after the Europeans made peace, and as the result of diseases, brought back from fighting French and Spanish forces in the tropics, that destroyed whole units; of more than 2,000 Highlanders who served in the Caribbean, Calloway writes, "only 245 remained fit for active duty in late August 1763." The unintended consequences of British victory were many. For one, Calloway observes, with the removal of the French threat on the frontier, American colonists spilled over the mountains to claim the fertile lands of Ohio and Kentucky, which, of course, were already occupied. Much bloodshed ensued as Indians fought settlers, who had come to believe that the British forces were actually protecting their enemies. Though weakened, the British formed a standing army of 10,000 troops in North America, which the colonists saw as a police force arrayed against them-a perception that helped touch off revolution a decade later. Callowayconcludes: "Peace brought little peace and much turmoil to North America."A welcome contribution to the history of America before the War of Independence, joining such fine recent books as Fred Anderson's The War That Made America (2005).

Kirkus Reviews