Table of Contents
THE KALAM
I. The Term Kalam
II. The Kalam According to Shahrastānī and Ibn Haldūn
III. The Kalam According to Maimonides
IV. Influences
1. Christianity
2. Greek Philosophy
3. Iranian and Indian Religions
4. Judaism
V. Origin, Structure, Diversity
VI. Christian and Jewish Kalam
• Introductory Statement
1. Christian Kalam
2. Jewish Kalam
ATTRIBUTES
I. The Muslim Attributes and the Christian Trinity
II. Denial of the Reality of Attributes
III. Created Attributes
IV. Modes
I. Mu'ammar's ma'nā
2. Abū Hāshim's ahwāl
3. Opposition to Abū Hāshim
V. The Semantic Aspect of the Problem of Attributes
THE KORAN
I. The Uncreated Koran
1. Origin of the Doctrine of the Uncreated Koran
2. The Unraised Problem Of Inlibration
• a. Ibn Kullāb and the Denial of Inlibration
• b. Ibn Hanbal and the Affirmation of Inlibration
• c. The Hanbalite Ash'arī
• d. The Kullabite Ash'arī and Ash'arites
• e. The Hanbalite Ibn Hazm
II. The Created Koran
1. The Denial of the Uncreated Koran and the Denial of Eternal Attributes
2. The Created Koran as a Pre-Existent Created Heavenly Koran
3. The Denial of a Pre-Existent Heavenly Koran
III. The Formal Creeds on Inlibration
1. The Wasiyyah
2. Nasafī And Taftāzānī
3. Fadālī
IV. The Terms Muhdath, Hadath, and Hādith as Applied to the Koran
ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY
I. Trinity and Incarnation in the Koran
II. Trinity and Incarnation in the Kalam
III. The Philosopher Kindī And Yahyā Ibn 'adī on the Trinity
IV. An Unknown Splinter Group of Nestorians
V. Muslim Attributes In Medieval Christianity
CREATION OF THE WORLD
I. Creation Ex Nihilo
1. Historical Background
2. The Kalam Controversy Over the Nonexistent (al-ma'dūm) as a Controversy Over ex nihilo
II. Arguments For Creation
1. Argument From Finitudes and the Reconstruction of its Original Form in John Philoponus
2. Argument From the Analogy of Things in the World
3. Argument From the Aggregation and Segregation of Atoms
4. Argument From the Createdness of the Accidents of the Component Parts of the World
5. Argument From the Impossibility of an Infinite by Succession
6. Argument From Particularization
7. Argument From Preponderation
8. Argument From Immortal Souls
III. The Kalam Arguments For Creation in Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventura
ATOMISM
I. Affirmation of Atomism
1. Origin of Atomism in the Kalam
2. An Unknown Pseudo-Democritean Fragment and the Unextendedness of Atoms in the Kalam
3. Greek Descriptions of Atoms as Reflected in the Atomism of the Kalam
II. The Denial of Atomism and the Theories of Latency (kumūn) and the Leap (al-ta frah)
CAUSALITY
I. The Denial of Causality
1. The Duration and Destruction of Things
2. The Theory Of Custom ('ādah) and its Formulation by Ghāzalī
3. Averroes' Criticism of the Denial of Causality and of the Theory of Custom
II. Affirmation Of Causality
III. Impossibilities
IV. Repercussions in Christianity
1. St. Thomas on the Kalam Denial of Causality
2. Nicolaus of Autrecourt and GhazālĪ's Argument Against Causality
PREDESTINATION AND FREE WILL
I. The Predestinarians
II. The Libertarians
III. The Hātirāni in the Kalam and Ghazal as Inner Motive Powers of Human Actions
IV. Generated Effects (al-mutawalladāt)
V. The Antinomies of Free Will
1. Free Will and the Predestinarian Verses in the Koran
2. Free Will and the Appointed Term (ajal)
3. Free Will and Preordained Sustenance
4. Free Will and God's Foreknowledge
5. Free Will and God's Power: The Theory of Acquisition (kasb iktisāb)
• a. Pre-Ash'arite Acquisition
• b. Acquisition in Ash'arī, Bakillānī, and Juwaynī
• c. Acquisition in Ghazālī
WHAT IS NEW IN THE KALAM
1. Attributes
2. The Koran
3. Creation
4. Atomism
5. Causality
6. Predestination
Conclusion
Bibliographical Note
Bibliography
Index Of References