1 | Introduction to the Developing Human | 1 |
| Developmental Periods | 2 |
| Significance of Embryology | 8 |
| Historical Gleanings | 9 |
| Descriptive Terms in Embryology | 12 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 14 |
2 | The Beginning of Human Development: First Week | 15 |
| Gametogenesis | 16 |
| Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries | 22 |
| Female Reproductive Cycles | 25 |
| Transportation of Gametes | 29 |
| Maturation of Sperms | 31 |
| Viability of Gametes | 31 |
| Fertilization | 31 |
| Cleavage of Zygote | 36 |
| Formation of Blastocyst | 37 |
| Summary of First Week | 39 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 41 |
3 | Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc: Second Week | 43 |
| Completion of Implantation and Continuation of Embryonic Development | 44 |
| Development of Chorionic Sac | 47 |
| Implantation Sites of Blastocyst | 47 |
| Summary of Implantation | 51 |
| Summary of Second Week | 52 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 53 |
4 | Formation of Germ Layers and Early Tissue and Organ Differentiation: Third Week | 59 |
| Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers | 60 |
| Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube | 67 |
| Development of Somites | 69 |
| Development of Intraembryonic Coelom | 70 |
| Early Development of Cardiovascular System | 70 |
| Further Development of Chorionic Villi | 71 |
| Summary of Third Week | 72 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 75 |
5 | Organogenetic Period: Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 77 |
| Phases of Embryonic Development | 78 |
| Folding of the Embryo | 78 |
| Germ Layer Derivatives | 80 |
| Control of Embryonic Development | 80 |
| Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 84 |
| Estimation of Embryonic Age | 94 |
| Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 95 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 98 |
6 | The Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth | 101 |
| Estimation of Fetal Age | 103 |
| Highlights of Fetal Period | 104 |
| Expected Date of Delivery | 109 |
| Factors Influencing Fetal Growth | 110 |
| Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status | 113 |
| Summary of Fetal Period | 116 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 116 |
7 | Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 119 |
| Placenta | 120 |
| Parturition (Childbirth) | 131 |
| Amnion and Amniotic Fluid | 138 |
| Yolk Sac | 143 |
| Allantois | 143 |
| Multiple Pregnancies | 144 |
| Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 150 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 153 |
8 | Human Birth Defects | 197 |
| Classification of Birth Defects | 158 |
| Teratology--Study of Abnormal Development | 158 |
| Anomalies Caused by Genetic Factors | 159 |
| Anomalies Caused by Environmental Factors | 173 |
| Anomalies Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance | 184 |
| Summary of Human Birth Defects | 184 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 185 |
9 | Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm | 187 |
| The Embryonic Body Cavity | 188 |
| Development of the Diaphragm | 192 |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia | 195 |
| Summary of Development of Body Cavities | 197 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 199 |
10 | The Pharyngeal Apparatus | 201 |
| Pharyngeal Arches | 202 |
| Pharyngeal Pouches | 209 |
| Pharyngeal Grooves | 212 |
| Pharyngeal Membranes | 212 |
| Development of Thyroid Gland | 215 |
| Development of Tongue | 218 |
| Development of Salivary Glands | 222 |
| Development of Face | 222 |
| Development of Nasal Cavities | 226 |
| Development of Palate | 228 |
| Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus | 238 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 239 |
11 | The Respiratory System | 241 |
| Development of Larynx | 242 |
| Development of Trachea | 242 |
| Development of Bronchi and Lungs | 245 |
| Summary of Respiratory System | 252 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 252 |
12 | The Digestive System | 255 |
| Foregut | 256 |
| Development of Spleen | 266 |
| Midgut | 266 |
| Hindgut | 275 |
| Summary of Digestive System | 282 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 284 |
13 | The Urogenital System | 287 |
| Development of Urinary System | 288 |
| Development of Suprarenal Glands | 303 |
| Development of Genital System | 304 |
| Development of Inguinal Canals | 322 |
| Summary of Urogenital System | 325 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 326 |
14 | The Cardiovascular System | 329 |
| Early Development of Heart and Vessels | 330 |
| Final Prenatal Development of Heart | 336 |
| Anomalies of Heart and Great Vessels | 347 |
| Aortic Arch Derivatives | 357 |
| Aortic Arch Anomalies | 360 |
| Fetal and Neonatal Circulation | 364 |
| Development of Lymphatic System | 371 |
| Summary of Cardiovascular System | 377 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 379 |
15 | The Skeletal System | 381 |
| Development of Bone and Cartilage | 382 |
| Development of Joints | 385 |
| Development of Axial Skeleton | 386 |
| Development of Appendicular Skeleton | 395 |
| Summary of Skeletal System | 398 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 398 |
16 | The Muscular System | 401 |
| Development of Skeletal Muscle | 402 |
| Development of Smooth Muscle | 404 |
| Development of Cardiac Muscle | 404 |
| Summary of Muscular System | 406 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 406 |
17 | The Limbs | 409 |
| Early Stages of Limb Development | 410 |
| Final Stages of Limb Development | 410 |
| Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs | 412 |
| Blood Supply to Limbs | 412 |
| Anomalies of Limbs | 414 |
| Summary of Limb Development | 421 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 423 |
18 | The Nervous System | 427 |
| Origin of Nervous System | 428 |
| Development of Spinal Cord | 428 |
| Congenital Anomalies of Spinal Cord | 435 |
| Development of Brain | 439 |
| Congenital Anomalies of Brain | 451 |
| Development of Peripheral Nervous System | 456 |
| Development of Autonomic Nervous System | 461 |
| Summary of Nervous System | 461 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 462 |
19 | The Eye and Ear | 465 |
| Development of Eye and Related Structures | 466 |
| Development of Ear | 476 |
| Summary of Development of Eye | 482 |
| Summary of Development of Ear | 482 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 482 |
20 | The Integumentary System | 485 |
| Development of Skin | 486 |
| Development of Hair | 488 |
| Development of Nails | 491 |
| Development of Mammary Glands | 492 |
| Development of Teeth | 494 |
| Summary of Integumentary System | 500 |
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 500 |
| Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems | 503 |
| Appendices | 515 |
| Timetable of Human Prenatal Development--1 to 6 weeks | 514 |
| Timetable of Human Prenatal Development--7 to 38 weeks | 516 |
| Critical Periods in Human Development | 518 |
| Index | 521 |