Psychological Testing: Principles and Applications / Edition 6

by Kevin R. Murphy, Charles O. Davidshofer

Overview

This book focuses on the use of psychological tests to make important decisions about individuals in a variety of settings. It explores the theory, methods, and applications of psychological testing, and gives a full and fair evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing in general, and selected tests in particular. A four-part organization provides an introduction to psychological testing; covers the principles of psychological measurement, discusses the development of measures of ability, interests, and personality; and shows how tests are used to make decisions. For those who create and evaluate psychological testing and measurement.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780131891722
Publisher:	Pearson
Publication date:	10/05/2004
Series:	MySearchLab Series 15% off Series
Edition description:	6TH
Pages:	624
Product dimensions:	7.40(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.30(d)

Read an Excerpt

PREFACE:

Preface

Tests are used to make decisions. This simple sentence describes both the theme and the rationale of this book. Too often, psychological testing is presented as a dry, technical, abstract subject. It is not. Psychological tests have a substantial impact on a variety of important decisions. In some settings, such as the armed services, tests represent the only feasible method of making selection and classification decisions. The point is that tests affect people's lives, for good or for ill, and a firm understanding of psychological testing is necessary in many of the settings where important decisions (e.g., college admissions, job placement, clinical assessments) must be made about individuals.

Most students in a testing course have taken many tests and will probably take many more in the future. These students have a real, practical interest in testing. They are also likely to be skeptical about the accuracy and the value of psychological tests. A good part of your job when teaching a testing course is to present a full and fair evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing. We believe that this can best be done by focusing on the impact of tests on decisions. Students generally show little interest in learning a "laundry list" of test names, but they are very interested in knowing how tests are used and whether the use of tests leads to better or worse decisions than would be reached without tests.

Our text is divided into four sections. In Part I (Chapters 1 through 3), we introduce the concepts of psychological testing and discuss the impact of testing on society. Part II (Chapters 4 through 10)discusses the principles of psychological measurement and the techniques used to analyze tests. Part III (Chapters 11 through 17) discusses the development of tests, with particular attention to the domains of cognitive ability, interests, and personality. Part IV (Chapters 18 through 21) discusses the use of psychological tests to make important decisions about individuals.

This book does not have several features found in other testing books. First, we do not cover dozens of obscure tests. Rather, we have focused on widely used or technically superior exemplars of the major classes of tests. You will not encounter in this book many tests that are never heard of outside a psychological measurement class, and, frankly, we see no good reason why you should. Second, we do not cover several topics that, while important, have little relevance for decision making. Thus, we do not discuss at length topics such as attitude measurement or the assessment of values.

Each chapter contains one or more brief sections entitled "Critical Discussion." The critical discussion sections present a variety of issues that are controversial (e.g., "Should IQ Scores of Black Examinees Be Based on White Norms?" in Chapter 5), or that illustrate applications of concepts discussed in the chapters (e.g., "Using Item Response Theory to Detect Test Bias," in Chapter 10), or that provide a different perspective of familiar material (e.g., "Personnel Selection From the Applicant's Point of View," in Chapter 19). These critical discussions may provide ideas for further classroom discussions, term papers, or projects and are designed to help your students integrate material from this course with their other interests and knowledge bases.

As you'll note when reading through the text, we are, on the whole, optimistic about psychological testing. There are areas where the technology has failed to keep up with the theory, where the basic theories are flawed, or where the applications of testing have done more harm than good. On the whole, however, psychological tests often provide the fairest and most accurate method of making important decisions. In part, this reflects the strength of tests and, in part, it reflects the weakness of the competition (e.g., interviews, letters of recommendation, clinical intuition). In any case, we think that psychological tests do make a contribution and are likely to be with us for a long time to come. We hope that this text will contribute to your students' understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing.

We have made many changes in preparing this revision. First, we have rearranged several chapters in a way that we think makes the book easier to follow and more useful to students. Second, many important changes have occurred in the field of testing since our last edition, most notably new editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), The California Psychological Inventory (CPI, Third Edition), and the Personality Research Form, as well as the introduction of the GRE Writing Assessment. Recent developments in a number of areas are reviewed in this edition.

Finally, at the end of every chapter, we identify and define several key terms that represent important concepts introduced or discussed in that chapter. These key terms provide capsule summaries of important points introduced in each chapter.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book could not have been produced without the help and encouragement of many of our colleagues. We particularly thank Frank Landy, who encouraged us to write the first edition and who suggested the overall structure for the book. We thank Dennis Roberts, who collaborated in the early development of the book and who contributed substantially to the overall structure and focus of the book. We also thank the reviewers for their valuable feedback: Dr. Chockalingam Viswesuaran, Florida International University; Associate Professor Maureen E. Kenny, Boston College; and Professor Jerome Siegel, City College of New York. Finally, we thank colleagues who have helped us in formulating our ideas and presentations or alerted us to errors and omissions in our first four editions. These include Jeanette Cleveland, George Thornton, Kurt Geisinger, and numerous instructors and students who have provided useful suggestions. We also appreciate feedback from several of our colleagues who have suggested ways of improving our previous editions.

Kevin R. Murphy
Charles O. Davidshofer

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING.

1. Tests and Measurements.

2. Defining and Measuring Psychological Attributes: Ability, Interests, and Personality.

3. Testing and Society.

II. PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT.

4. Basic Concepts in Measurement and Statistics.

5. Scales, Transformations, and Norms.

6. Reliability: The Consistency of Test Scores.

7. Using and Interpreting Information about Test Reliability.

8. Validity of Measurement: Content and Construct-Oriented Validation Strategies.

9. Validity for Decisions: Criterion-Related Validity.

10. Item Analysis.

III. DEVELOPING MEASURES OF ABILITY, INTERESTS, AND PERSONALITY.

11. The Process of Test Development.

12. Computerized Test Administration and Interpretation.

13. Ability Testing: Individual Tests.

14. Ability Testing: Group Tests.

15. Issues in Ability Testing.

16. Interest Testing.

17. Personality Testing.

IV. USING TESTS TO MAKE DECISIONS.

18. Tests and Educational Decisions.

19. Psychological Measurement in Industry.

20. Diagnostic Testing: Clinical Applications.

21. Issues in Multi-Method Assessment.

Appendix: Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

References.

Author Index.

Subject Index.

Preface

PREFACE:

Preface

Tests are used to make decisions. This simple sentence describes both the theme and the rationale of this book. Too often, psychological testing is presented as a dry, technical, abstract subject. It is not. Psychological tests have a substantial impact on a variety of important decisions. In some settings, such as the armed services, tests represent the only feasible method of making selection and classification decisions. The point is that tests affect people's lives, for good or for ill, and a firm understanding of psychological testing is necessary in many of the settings where important decisions (e.g., college admissions, job placement, clinical assessments) must be made about individuals.

Most students in a testing course have taken many tests and will probably take many more in the future. These students have a real, practical interest in testing. They are also likely to be skeptical about the accuracy and the value of psychological tests. A good part of your job when teaching a testing course is to present a full and fair evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing. We believe that this can best be done by focusing on the impact of tests on decisions. Students generally show little interest in learning a "laundry list" of test names, but they are very interested in knowing how tests are used and whether the use of tests leads to better or worse decisions than would be reached without tests.

Our text is divided into four sections. In Part I (Chapters 1 through 3), we introduce the concepts of psychological testing and discuss the impact of testing on society. Part II (Chapters 4 through10)discusses the principles of psychological measurement and the techniques used to analyze tests. Part III (Chapters 11 through 17) discusses the development of tests, with particular attention to the domains of cognitive ability, interests, and personality. Part IV (Chapters 18 through 21) discusses the use of psychological tests to make important decisions about individuals.

This book does not have several features found in other testing books. First, we do not cover dozens of obscure tests. Rather, we have focused on widely used or technically superior exemplars of the major classes of tests. You will not encounter in this book many tests that are never heard of outside a psychological measurement class, and, frankly, we see no good reason why you should. Second, we do not cover several topics that, while important, have little relevance for decision making. Thus, we do not discuss at length topics such as attitude measurement or the assessment of values.

Each chapter contains one or more brief sections entitled "Critical Discussion." The critical discussion sections present a variety of issues that are controversial (e.g., "Should IQ Scores of Black Examinees Be Based on White Norms?" in Chapter 5), or that illustrate applications of concepts discussed in the chapters (e.g., "Using Item Response Theory to Detect Test Bias," in Chapter 10), or that provide a different perspective of familiar material (e.g., "Personnel Selection From the Applicant's Point of View," in Chapter 19). These critical discussions may provide ideas for further classroom discussions, term papers, or projects and are designed to help your students integrate material from this course with their other interests and knowledge bases.

As you'll note when reading through the text, we are, on the whole, optimistic about psychological testing. There are areas where the technology has failed to keep up with the theory, where the basic theories are flawed, or where the applications of testing have done more harm than good. On the whole, however, psychological tests often provide the fairest and most accurate method of making important decisions. In part, this reflects the strength of tests and, in part, it reflects the weakness of the competition (e.g., interviews, letters of recommendation, clinical intuition). In any case, we think that psychological tests do make a contribution and are likely to be with us for a long time to come. We hope that this text will contribute to your students' understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing.

We have made many changes in preparing this revision. First, we have rearranged several chapters in a way that we think makes the book easier to follow and more useful to students. Second, many important changes have occurred in the field of testing since our last edition, most notably new editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), The California Psychological Inventory (CPI, Third Edition), and the Personality Research Form, as well as the introduction of the GRE Writing Assessment. Recent developments in a number of areas are reviewed in this edition.

Finally, at the end of every chapter, we identify and define several key terms that represent important concepts introduced or discussed in that chapter. These key terms provide capsule summaries of important points introduced in each chapter.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book could not have been produced without the help and encouragement of many of our colleagues. We particularly thank Frank Landy, who encouraged us to write the first edition and who suggested the overall structure for the book. We thank Dennis Roberts, who collaborated in the early development of the book and who contributed substantially to the overall structure and focus of the book. We also thank the reviewers for their valuable feedback: Dr. Chockalingam Viswesuaran, Florida International University; Associate Professor Maureen E. Kenny, Boston College; and Professor Jerome Siegel, City College of New York. Finally, we thank colleagues who have helped us in formulating our ideas and presentations or alerted us to errors and omissions in our first four editions. These include Jeanette Cleveland, George Thornton, Kurt Geisinger, and numerous instructors and students who have provided useful suggestions. We also appreciate feedback from several of our colleagues who have suggested ways of improving our previous editions.

Kevin R. Murphy
Charles O. Davidshofer

Editorial Reviews

Part I introduces concepts of psychological testing and discusses the impact of testing on society, and Part II examines principles of psychological measurement and techniques used to analyze tests. Part III discusses the development of tests, with particular attention to the domains of cognitive ability, interests, and personality. Part IV considers the use of tests to make important decisions about individuals. Coverage focuses on the most widely used or technically superior major classes of tests. Includes chapter summaries, key terms, and critical discussion boxes on controversial issues, applications, and different perspectives. Appendices present ethical principles, and review basic statistics. This fourth edition is reorganized and encompasses new developments in the field. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

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