Table of Contents
Preface 1
1 Introduction to Polymer Rheology 1
I Rheology 1
II Material Functions in Viscometric Flows 2
III Extensional Flow 7
IV The Stress Tensor 8
V The Rate of Strain Tensor 11
References 12
2 Instruments for Shear Rheology 13
I Introduction 13
II Capillary Viscometers 14
III Coaxial Cylinder Viscometers 20
IV Cone-and-Plate Viscometers 22
V Parallel-Plate Viscometers 24
VI Sliding-Plate Viscometers 26
VII Other Viscometers 28
References 32
3 Shear Viscosity of Melts of Flexible Chain Polymers 34
I Introduction 34
II Zero-Shear Viscosity 37
III Shear Rate-Dependent Viscosity 51
IV Concluding Remarks 58
References 59
4 Shear Viscosity of Polymer Solutions 63
I Introduction 63
II Intrinsic Viscosity-The Limit of Infinite Dilution 65
III Zero-Shear Viscosity as a Function of Molecular Weight and Concentration 68
IV Influence of Structural Factors, Temperature, and Pressure on the Zero-Shear Viscosity 73
V Shear Rate-Dependent Viscosity 76
VI Viscosity of Polyelectrolytes 77
VII Surfactant Solutions and Associative Thickeners 80
References 86
5 Normal Stress Differences in Polymers During Shear Flow 89
I Introduction 89
II Low-Shear-Rate Behavior of the First Normal Stress Difference 96
III Measurement of N1 at High Shear Rates 103
IV Measurement of the Second Normal Stress Difference 109
V Concluding Remarks 112
References 113
6 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 117
I Introduction 117
II Dependence of Polymer Melt Dynamic Mechanical Properties on Temperature, Molecular Weight, and Polymer Structure 121
III Boltzmann Superposition Principle 125
IV Stress Relaxation Modulus 127
V Dynamic Rheological Properties of Solutions 131
VI Relevance to Nonlinear Viscoelasticity 135
VII Concluding Remarks 137
References 138
7 Extensional Viscosity 140
I Introduction 140
II Low-Stretch-Rate Behavior of Extensional Viscosity 143
III Extensional Viscosity at High Stretch Rates 155
IV Concluding Remarks 164
References 165
8 Rigid-Rod and Liquid-Crystal Polymer Rheology 170
I Introduction 170
II Viscosity Behavior in the Isotropic Stale 175
III Constant-Shear-Rate Behavior in the Nematic Slate 181
IV Extensional Flow 190
V Polydomains and Transient Flow 192
References 194
9 Yield Stress, Wall Slip, Particle Migration, and Other Observations with Multiphase Systems 197
I Introduction 197
II Unstable Suspensions 200
III Yield Stress Measurement 204
IV Measurement of the Wall Slip Velocity 210
V Migration of Particles Across Streamlines 217
VI Concluding Remarks 220
References 220
10 Solid-In-Liquid Suspensions 224
I Introduction 224
II Shear Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions of Noncolloidal Particulates 226
III Shear Viscosity of Colloidal Hard Spheres 235
IV Shear Thickening in Colloidal Hard Sphere Suspensions 239
V Elastic Effects 241
VI Flocculated Suspensions 246
VII Electrorheology 259
VIII Concluding Remarks 261
References 262
11 Short-Fiber Suspensions 266
I Introduction 266
II Dilute Fiber Suspensions 268
III Semiconcentrated Fiber Suspensions 271
IV Concentrated Fiber Suspensions 275
V Concluding Remarks 280
References 281
12 Emulsions 284
I Introduction 284
II Viscosity of a Dilute Emulsion of Spherical Droplets 287
III Drop Deformation and Breakup 288
IV Elasticity of Dilute Emulsions 291
V Droplet Coalescence During Shear Flow 292
VI Rheology of Concentrated Emulsions 294
VII Concluding Remarks 299
References 300
13 Gas-Containing Melts and Foams 304
I Introduction 304
II Viscosity of Gas-Containing Polymers 305
III Yielding of Foam 308
IV Foam Viscosity 311
V Concluding Remarks 314
References 314
14 Rheology of Powders and Granular Materials 316
I Introduction 316
II Instruments 317
III Flow Behavior of Particulate Solids 320
IV Concluding Remarks 330
References 330
15 Chemorheology and Gelation 332
I Introduction 332
II Thermal Characterization of Curing Reactions 335
III Mechanistic Models of Curing 339
IV Viscosity as a Function of Conversion 340
V Polymer Gelation 344
VI Polymer Vitrification 348
References 349
16 Flow Through Porous Media 352
I Introduction 352
II Dimensional Considerations 354
III Capillary Model 355
IV Effect of a Shear-Thinning Viscosity 358
V Permeability Measurement 360
VI Fibrous Porous Media 362
VII Pore Geometry Effects 365
VIII Viscoelastic Effects 367
IX Concluding Remarks 371
References 371
17 Melt Fracture 375
I Introduction 375
II Historical Perspective 376
III Tying Melt Fracture to Wall Slip 379
IV Adhesion Promotion or Slip Promotion? 383
V Concluding Remarks 383
References 383
Index 387
