Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Materials, Devices, and Applications / Edition 1

by Shoichi Sudo, Makoto Yamada, Terutoshi Kanamori, Kazuo Fujiura, Yasutake Ohishi

Overview

Prepared by six leading professionals in the industry, this comprehensive reference helps you better understand the basic phenomena behind OF amplifiers -- and gives you the practical knowledge you need to design and produce OF systems. Includes 180 equations and nearly 240 illustrations.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780890068090
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	06/28/1997
Series:	Artech House Optoelectronics Library Series
Pages:	648
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.56(d)

About the Author

Shoichi Sudo is a group leader of optical fiber amplifiers at NTT Laboratories, Japan. He holds a Ph.D. in electronic engineering from the University of Tokyo. A recipient of 5 engineering awards, Dr. Sudo has published more than 70 professional papers, and holds over 90 patents. He is the author of Frequency Stabilization of Semiconductor Laser Diodes, also published by Artech House (1995).

Table of Contents

	Preface	xi
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
1.1	Brief History of Optics and Quantum Electronics	1
1.2	Brief History of Physics and Alternating Growth of Science and Technology	4
1.3	Brief History of Optical Fiber Amplifiers	9
1.4	Brief History of Optical Communications, Transmission Media, and Optical Fibers	16
1.4.1	Early History of Optical Communications	16
1.4.2	Various Transmission Media 1960-1969	18
1.4.3	Optical Fibers From 1966	23
1.4.4	Alternating Growth of Passive Fiber Technology and Active Fiber Technology	32
	References	42
Chapter 2	Outline of Optical Fiber Amplifiers	55
2.1	Application Systems and Requirements for Optical Fiber Amplifiers	55
2.2	Outline of Rare-Earth Ions and Amplification in Fibers	58
2.2.1	Host Glasses	58
2.2.2	Rare-Earth Ions and Their Transitions	63
2.2.3	Outline of Amplification in Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber	68
2.3	Key Issues for Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers	77
2.3.1	Broadband	77
2.3.2	High Gain	85
2.3.3	Low Noise	87
2.3.4	High Power	93
2.3.5	Reliability	96
2.4	Key Issues Regarding Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers	99
2.5	Other Wavelength Amplifiers	103
2.6	Key Issues Regarding Fabrication Technologies and Material Structures	108
2.6.1	Fabrication Processes of Rare-Earth-Doped Fibers	108
2.6.2	Material Structures of Rare-Earth-Doped Glasses and Their Effects on Amplification Characteristics	115
2.7	Recent Topics on Amplified Systems	118
2.7.1	Unrepeated Long-Span Transmission	119
2.7.2	Long-Distance Transmission	120
2.7.3	WDM, Long-Distance, and/or High-Speed Transmission	125
2.7.4	Optical Networking	128
2.7.5	1.3-[mu]m Transmission	129
	References	132
Chapter 3	Rare-Earth Ions in Glasses and Transitions for Optical Amplification	149
3.1	Introduction	149
3.2	The Configuration of the 4f States in Condensed Materials	150
3.3	The Judd-Ofelt Theory for Determining Transition Intensities	155
3.3.1	The Judd-Ofelt Theory	155
3.3.2	Selection Rules From the Judd-Ofelt Theory	160
3.3.3	Other Multiple Transitions	163
3.3.4	Experimental Procedure for Obtaining [Omega] Parameters	164
3.4	Other Procedures for Obtaining Emission Cross Sections	167
3.5	Energy Transfer Phenomena Between Rare Earths	169
3.5.1	Formalism of Resonance Energy Transfer Between Rare Earths	169
3.5.2	Concentration Quenching	173
3.6	Nonradiative Relaxation by the Multiphonon Emission Process	175
3.7	Spectral Broadening Phenomena	178
3.8	Three- and Four-Level Amplifier Systems	182
3.8.1	Population Inversion	183
3.8.2	Gain Saturation	187
	References	189
Chapter 4	Fiber Materials and Fabrications	193
4.1	Fiber Materials and Compositions	194
4.1.1	Oxide Glass	197
4.1.2	Halide Glass	199
4.1.3	Chalcogenide Glass	200
4.1.4	Crystals	201
4.2	Transmission Loss of Fiber Materials	201
4.2.1	Intrinsic Loss Factors	204
4.2.2	Extrinsic Loss Factors	222
4.3	Thermal Properties of Fiber Materials	227
4.3.1	Glass Structure and Chemical Bonds	227
4.3.2	Theory and Kinetics of Crystallization	237
4.4	High-Silica Fiber Fabrication Process and Rare-Earth Doping	259
4.4.1	Soot Process: Origin of High-Silica Glass Fabrication Process	259
4.4.2	MCVD Process and Rare-Earth Doping	265
4.4.3	Rare-Earth Doping in MCVD Process	274
4.4.4	VAD Process	279
4.4.5	Rare-Earth Doping in VAD Process	320
4.4.6	OVD Process	321
4.4.7	High-Silica Fiber Drawing	321
4.5	Multicomponent Glass Fiber Fabrication Process	325
4.6	Fluoride Fiber Fabrication Process	327
4.6.1	Glass Compositions	330
4.6.2	Fabrication Process	331
4.6.3	Characteristics	344
4.6.4	Vapor Phase Deposition	351
4.7	Chalcogenide Fiber Fabrication Process	352
4.7.1	Glass Compositions	353
4.7.2	Fabrication Process	356
4.7.3	Characteristics	364
4.8	Crystalline Fiber Fabrication Process	371
4.9	Reliability of Amplifier Host Fibers	375
4.9.1	Reliability Requirements	375
4.9.2	Catastrophic Failure of Optical Fibers Caused by Chemical and Mechanical Stresses	376
4.9.3	Hydrogen-Induced Loss Increase	386
4.9.4	Loss Increase due to y-Ray Irradiation	387
	References	389
Chapter 5	Amplification Characteristics of a Fiber Amplifier: Components, Design, and Amplification Characteristics of a Fiber Amplifier Module	405
5.1	Introduction	405
5.2	Fiber Amplifier Related Devices	406
5.2.1	Fiber Grating	406
5.2.2	Thermally Expanded Core Fiber	408
5.2.3	Filters	411
5.2.4	Isolators and Circulators	415
5.2.5	Pump/Signal Multiplexing Devices	421
5.2.6	Splicing Devices and Technology	424
5.2.7	Pump Source	428
5.3	Amplification Characteristics of Fiber Amplifier Modules	447
5.3.1	1.5-[mu]m-Band Fiber Amplifier	447
5.3.2	1.3-[mu]m-Band Fiber Amplifier	522
5.3.3	1.4-[mu]m- and 1.65-[mu]m-Band Fiber Amplifiers	571
	References	582
Chapter 6	Conclusion	601
	About the Authors	605
	Index	609

Editorial Reviews

Provides both basic and practical information on devices that amplify optical signals in optical fibers for communication systems. Describes the developmental history of fiber amplifiers and the science and technology behind them, current fiber amplifier technology and its requirements, the behavior of the rare-earth ions used, materials and their fabrication, the energy states of rare-earth ions in condensed materials and the transitions of those states for amplification, amplification characteristics, components, and design of a module. The treatment should be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students as well as practicing engineers and scientists. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

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