Table of Contents
1 Introduction Paul D. Reynolds Richard T. Curtin 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Entrepreneurship and Firm Creation 3
1.3 Conceptualization of the Entrepreneurial Process 5
1.4 Global Comparisons of Stages in the Business Life Course 7
1.5 Overview of the Country Studies 11
1.6 Conceptual and Operational Definitions 13
1.7 Chapter Overviews 21
1.8 Commentary 24
References 24
2 Comprehensive Australian Study of Entrepreneurial Emergence (CAUSEE): Project Presentation and Early Results Per Davidsson Paul Steffens 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Context and Research Team 28
2.3 Definitions of Critical Events 29
2.4 Methodological Overview 32
2.5 Sample Characteristics and Early Results 36
2.6 Additional Process Observations 43
2.7 A Brief Look at Outcomes 45
2.8 Concluding Remarks 49
References 50
3 The Canadian Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Monica Diochon Yvon Gasse Teresa Menzies 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Research Collaboration 54
3.3 Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Critical Events 55
3.4 Methodological Overview 55
3.5 Data Collection 56
3.6 Description of the Sample 58
3.7 Who Are Canadian Nascent Entrepreneurs? 64
3.8 Team Structures 67
3.9 Nascent Entrepreneurs and Gender Issues 68
3.10 Process 72
3.11 Outcome Overview 72
3.12 Exploring the Factors Associated with Outcomes 75
3.13 Impact of the Project on Policy and Scholarship 90
3.14 Appendix 91
References 91
4 Anatomy of Business Creation in China: Initial Assessment of the Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Yuli Zhang Jun Yang Kevin Au Paul D. Reynolds 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Research Context and Team 96
4.3 Previous Research and Design Considerations 96
4.4 Methodology 102
4.5 Entrepreneurs: Number and Characteristics 105
4.6 The Start-up Process: What Nascent Entrepreneurs Do? 111
4.7 The Outcome: What Types of Firms Are Started? 113
4.8 Conclusion 115
References 119
5 German Panel of Nascent Entrepreneurs Udo Brixy Rolf Sternberg 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Project Development 123
5.3 Intellectual Background and Framework 124
5.4 Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Critical Events 126
5.5 Methodological Overview 128
5.6 Entrepreneurs: How Many and What They Are Like? 133
5.7 The Start-up Process 136
5.8 Conclusions 140
References 141
6 Latvia: Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Overview Vyacheslav Dombrovsky Anders Paalzow Olga Rastrigina 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Project Development and Research Team 144
6.3 Methodological Overview 145
6.4 Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs and their Business Ventures 151
6.5 The Start-up Process 158
6.6 Outcome Overview 164
6.7 Conclusion 171
References 173
7 New Business Creation in the Netherlands Jolanda Hessels Marco van Gelderen 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Program Development and Background 176
7.3 Operational Definitions and Methodology 176
7.4 Nascent Entrepreneurs in the Netherlands 179
7.5 Outcome Overview 186
7.6 Discussion and Conclusion 191
References 192
8 Business Start-up Processes in Norway Gry Agnete Alsos Lars Kolvereid 195
8.1 Introduction 195
8.2 Project Development 196
8.3 Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Critical Events 196
8.4 Methodological Overview 198
8.5 Entrepreneurs: How Many Are They and What Are They Like? 202
8.6 The Start-up Process and Outcome Overview 204
8.7 Conclusions 218
References 221
9 The Swedish PSED: Performance in the Nascent Venturing Process and Beyond Mikael Samuelsson 223
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Project Development and Background 224
9.3 Conceptual and Operational Definitions and Critical Events 224
9.4 Method 226
9.5 The Longitudinal Study 227
9.6 "Swedish" Entrepreneurs 230
9.7 Who Becomes a Nascent Entrepreneur in Sweden? 232
9.8 Gender Differences 234
9.9 Nascent Enterprise Profile 236
9.10 The Start-up Process 240
9.11 Outcomes from the Nascent Venturing Process and Beyond 247
9.12 Conclusions from the Swedish PSED 251
References 252
10 United States: Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I, II Overview Paul D. Reynolds Richard T. Curtin 255
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Program Development and Background 256
10.3 Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Critical Events 258
10.4 Methodological Overview 259
10.5 Nascent Entrepreneurs: How Many and What They Are Like 264
10.6 Who Becomes a Nascent Entrepreneur? 268
10.7 Nascent Entrepreneur Profile 269
10.8 Nascent Enterprise Profile 276
10.9 The Start-up Process 282
10.10 Outcome Overview 285
10.11 Factors Affecting the Outcome 290
10.12 Conclusion 292
References 294
11 Overview and Commentary Paul D. Reynolds Richard T. Curtin 295
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 National Longitudinal Studies of Business Creation 296
11.3 Selected Empirical Patterns 297
11.4 Start-Up Process Outcomes 307
11.5 The Impact of National Context 315
11.6 Implications for Entrepreneurs and Policy Makers 321
11.7 Implications for Future Research 327
References 332
Authors' Biographies 335
Index 341
