Table of Contents
Preface iii
1 Introduction 1
2 Properties of Liquids 4
2.1 Units of Measurement 4
2.2 Mass, Volume, Density, and Specific Weight 8
2.3 Specific Gravity and API Gravity 11
2.4 Viscosity 15
2.5 Vapor Pressure 24
2.6 Bulk Modulus 26
2.7 Fundamental Concepts of Fluid Flow 27
2.8 Summary 30
2.9 Problems 30
3 Pressure Drop due to Friction 32
3.1 Pressure 32
3.2 Velocity 38
3.3 Reynolds Number 39
3.4 Flow Regimes 41
3.5 Friction Factor 42
3.6 Pressure Drop due to Friction 47
3.7 Colebrook-White Equation 49
3.8 Hazen-Williams Equation 50
3.9 Shell-MIT Equation 52
3.10 Miller Equation 54
3.11 T.R. Aude Equation 56
3.12 Minor Losses 57
3.13 Internally Coated Pipes and Drag Reduction 61
3.14 Summary 63
3.15 Problems 63
4 Pipe Analysis 65
4.1 Allowable Operating Pressure and Hydrostatic Test Pressure 65
4.2 Barlow's Equation for Internal Pressure 67
4.3 Line Fill Volume and Batches 70
4.4 Summary 73
4.5 Problems 73
5 Pressure and Horsepower Required 74
5.1 Total Pressure Required 75
5.2 Hydraulic Pressure Gradient 79
5.3 Series Piping 85
5.4 Parallel Piping 87
5.5 Transporting High Vapor Pressure Liquids 90
5.6 Horsepower Required 91
5.7 Effect of Gravity and Viscosity 95
5.8 System Head Curves 96
5.9 Injections and Deliveries 99
5.10 Pipe Branches 102
5.11 Pipe Loops 104
5.12 Summary 108
5.13 Problems 108
6 Multi-Pump Station Pipelines 110
6.1 Hydraulic Balance and Pump Stations Required 110
6.2 Telescoping Pipe Wall Thickness 114
6.3 Change of Pipe Grade: Grade Tapering 115
6.4 Slack Line and Open Channel Flow 116
6.5 Batching Different Liquids 118
6.6 Summary 120
6.7 Problems 120
7 Pump Analysis 122
7.1 Centrifugal Pumps Versus Reciprocating Pumps 122
7.2 Pump Head Versus Flow Rate 125
7.3 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Rate 127
7.4 BHP Versus Flow Rate 129
7.5 NPSH Versus Flow Rate 132
7.6 Specific Speed 132
7.7 Affinity Laws: Variation with Impeller Speed and Diameter 134
7.8 Effect of Specific Gravity and Viscosity on Pump Performance 137
7.9 Pump Curve Analysis 141
7.10 Pump Head Curve Versus System Head Curve 145
7.11 Multiple Pumps Versus System Head Curve 147
7.12 NPSH Required Versus NPSH Available 148
7.13 Summary 152
7.14 Problems 152
8 Pump Station Design 155
8.1 Suction Pressure and Discharge Pressure 155
8.2 Control Pressure and Throttle Pressure 157
8.3 Variable-Speed Pumps 159
8.4 Summary 166
8.5 Problems 166
9 Thermal Hydraulics 169
9.1 Temperature-Dependent Flow 169
9.2 Formulas for Thermal Hydraulics 173
9.3 Summary 184
9.4 Problems 185
10 Flow Measurement 186
10.1 History 186
10.2 Flow Meters 187
10.3 Venturi Meter 188
10.4 Flow Nozzle 190
10.5 Orifice Meter 192
10.6 Turbine Meters 194
10.7 Positive Displacement Meter 195
10.8 Summary 199
10.9 Problems 199
11 Unsteady Flow in Pipelines 201
11.1 Steady Versus Unsteady Flow 201
11.2 Transient Flow due to Valve Closure 202
11.3 Wave Speed in Pipeline 205
11.4 Transients in Cross-Country Pipelines 210
11.5 Summary 212
11.6 Problems 212
12 Pipeline Economics 214
12.1 Economic Analysis 214
12.2 Capital Costs 217
12.3 Operating Costs 221
12.4 Feasibility Studies and Economic Pipe Size 222
12.5 Summary 227
12.6 Problems 228
Appendix A Tables and Charts 229
Appendix B Answers to Selected Problems 241
Appendix C Summary of Formulas 244
References 269
Index 271
