Table of Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Wave Optics 1
1.1 Wave propagation in isotropic media 1
1.2 Energy, intensity and momentum of the electromagnetic wave 11
1.3 Wave polarization 19
1.4 Waves at the media interface 25
1.5 Interference and coherence 36
1.6 Diffraction 49
1.7 Diffraction gratings 57
Chapter 2 The Basics of Quantum Mechanics 74
2.1 The old quantum theory 74
2.2 de Broglie's hypothesis and the wave description of matter 85
2.3 The Schrodinger equation 96
2.4 Physical quantities, operators and expectation values 101
2.5 Hermitian operators, commutator brackets and the correspondence principle 106
2.6 Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues 111
2.7 Commutator brackets and the uncertainty principle 115
2.8 The free particle 123
2.9 Localized wave functions: the potential well 124
2.10 The potential barrier and the tunnel effect 131
2.11 The harmonic oscillator 138
2.12 Perturbation theory, the stationary case 142
2.13 Time-dependent perturbation theory 145
2.14 Two-level system 152
Chapter 3 From the Hydrogen Atom to Condensed Matter 156
3.1 Introduction 156
3.2 Quantum-mechanical description of the hydrogen atom 157
3.3 Space quantization and spin 169
3.4 Many-electron atoms and the periodic table 175
3.5 Chemical bonds 180
3.6 Energy levels in molecules 196
3.7 Thermodynamics and phase transitions 204
3.8 Statistical concepts 211
3.9 The crystalline solid state 215
3.9.1 Basics of crystallography 215
3.9.2 X-ray diffraction and the reciprocal lattice 224
3.10 The liquid and the glassy state 229
3.11 Liquid crystals 237
3.12 Polymers 243
3.13 Matter anisotropy 248
Chapter 4 Electrical Properties of Crystals 257
4.1 The free electron model 257
4.2 Electrical conduction in metals 266
4.3 The Hall effect 273
4.4 The work function of metals and related effects 276
4.5 Electrons in a periodic potential: the Bloch theorem 280
4.6 Energy bands: the nearly free electron model 284
4.7 Energy bands: the Kronig-Penney model 290
4.8 Effective mass and the concept of a hole 295
4.9 Electronic properties of semiconductors 300
4.10 The mass action law for semiconductors 304
4.11 Electrical conductivity and the Hall effect in semiconductors 310
4.12 The p-n junction 313
4.13 Diode, transistor and quantum size effects 320
Chapter 5 Optical Properties 326
5.1 Lorentz-Drude theory 326
5.2 Quantum approach to optical properties 332
5.3 The Einstein coefficients 345
5.4 Light absorption, amplification and spontaneous emission in atomic systems 350
5.5 Optical properties of molecular systems 361
5.6 Effects of band structure on the optical properties of materials 363
5.7 Optical properties of metals, insulators and semiconductors 368
5.8 Photoconductivity 378
5.9 Effects of light polarization 382
5.10 Temperature dependence of the optical properties 387
5.11 Additional remarks on light-matter interaction 391
Chapter 6 Laser Electronics 397
6.1 Quantum electronics 397
6.2 Population inversion and rate equations 399
6.3 Optical resonators 408
6.4 Oscillation conditions 416
6.5 Properties of laser radiation 419
6.6 Special resonators for additional laser features 429
6.7 Overview of laser systems 437
Appendix 451
A Physical Constants and Unit Systems 451
A.1 Table of constants 451
A.2 Unit systems 451
A.3 Useful unit conversions 453
A.4 Wave parameters 453
A.5 Photon parameters 454
A.6 Conversion from mass to number of molecules 454
B Vector Fields and Operators 454
B.1 Products of vectors 454
B.2 Differential operators 455
Bibliography 457
Index 461
