Table of Contents
Foreword v
Acknowledgements vii
Table of Cases xiii
Table of legislation xxix
1 Introduction 1
I The 'Righting' of Administrative Law? 1
II This Books Contribution 4
III A Note on Methodology 6
IV The Scope of this Book 7
V The Structure of this Book 12
A Part I: Constitutional and Statutory Frameworks 12
B Part II: The Effects of Canada's Rights Framework on Judicial Review 13
Part I Constitutional and Statutory Frameworks
2 The Framework for Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Australia 19
I Australia's Constitution 20
A Overview 20
B Supremacy 21
II The Constitutional Status of Judicial Review 23
A The High Court's Jurisdiction Over Constitutional Matters 23
B The High Court's Jurisdiction to Review Administrative Action 26
i Only Mandamus, Prohibition and Injunction? 28
ii 'Officers of the Commonwealth' 30
iii The Role of jurisdictional Error 32
C The Entrenched jurisdiction of State Supreme Courts 39
III Statutory Judicial Review Frameworks 41
A The Federal Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act (ADJR Act) 41
i Establishing a Simplified Review Procedure 43
ii Providing a Right to Reasons 43
iii Codifying the Grounds of Review 43
B The Federal Court's Other Source of Judicial Review Jurisdiction 44
C The Effect of the ADJR Act 45
D Judicial Review Legislation in the Australian States and Territories 51
E Australia's Generalist Tribunals 51
IV Australia's Human Rights Framework 52
A Constitutional Rights 52
i Express 'Rights' 52
ii Implied Constitutional 'Rights' 53
B Statutory Rights Protection Under Commonwealth Law 54
C State and Territory Charters of Rights 55
V Conclusions 59
3 The Framework for Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada 60
I Canada's Constitution 61
II The Constitutional Status of Judicial Review 63
A The Constitutional Place of Canadian Courts 63
B Judicial Review Jurisdiction Over Constitutional Matters 65
C Jurisdiction Over Non-Constitutional Administrative Errors 68
D Alternative Sources of Constitutional Entrenchment 71
III Privative Clauses and the Standard of Review 75
A The Early Approach: Preliminary or Collateral Questions 76
B Canada's Break from the UK: New Brunswick Liquor 77
C A Simpler Approach? Dunsmuir 81
IV Statutory Judicial Review Frameworks 83
A The Federal Courts Act (FCA) 83
B The Effect of the FCA 87
C Judicial Review Legislation in the Provinces 88
I Ontario 88
ii British Columbia 91
iii Prince Edward Island 91
V Canada's Human Rights Framework 92
A Overview of the Charter 92
B Interaction Between the Charter and Administrative Law 93
i The Scope of the Charter and Judicial Review of Administrative Action 94
ii Administrative Decisions that Impact on a Charter Right 95
C Other Sources of Rights Under Canadian Law 102
i Statutory Charter of Rights 102
ii An Implied Bill of Rights? 104
VI Conclusions 106
Part II The Effects of Canada's Rights Framework on Judicial Review
4 Procedural Fairness 111
I Overview of Rights to Fairness 112
A Rights to Fairness: Canada 112
i Charter 112
ii Canadian Bill of Rights, Sections 1(a) and 2(e) 115
B Rights to Fairness: Australia 117
II The Scope of the Common Law Duty to Afford Procedural Fairness 117
III The Content of Fairness 123
A The Content of Procedural Fairness at Common Law 123
B Rejecting Substantive Legitimate Expectations 126
C The Content of 'Fundamental Justice' Under the Charter and Bill of Rights 130
D Fair Hearings Under the Victorian and ACT Charters 132
E Reasons 133
F The Rule Against Bias 139
G Conclusions on the Content of Fairness 144
IV The Rationales for Fairness 145
V Litigants' Use of Fairness 148
VI Entrenchment of Procedural Fairness 150
A The Australian Position 151
B The Canadian Position 155
VII Conclusions 158
5 Controlling Discretion 161
I A Brief History of Judicial Attitudes Towards Discretion 163
A The Ultra Vires Doctrine 165
B The Classification of Functions 168
C The Narrowing of Jurisdictional Errors 172
II Controlling Discretion in Australia 173
A The Grounds of Review 174
B The Continuing Role of the Ultra Vires Doctrine 177
C The Central Concept of Jurisdictional Error 179
III Controlling Discretion in Canada 181
A The Impact of Roncarelli v Duplessis 183
B Grounds and Standards of Review 187
C The Demise and Return (and Demise Again?) of Jurisdictional Error 193
IV Human Rights Controls on Discretion 196
A Charters of Rights 197
i The Canadian Charter 198
ii Statutory Rights Protection in the ACT and Victoria 199
iii Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 (Cth) 201
B Non-Statutory Sources of Rights as Limits on Discretion 202
i Legality and Consistency in Australia 203
ii Legality and Conformity in Canada 209
V Conclusions 215
6 Intensity of Review 217
I Intensity Under the Classic Model 218
A The UK's Departure from the Classic Model 220
II Intensity of Review in Australia 225
A Constitutional Entrenchment of the Legality/Merits Distinction 225
B Unreasonableness and Proportionality 228
C A Possible Shift in Direction? 233
D Other Ways in which Australian Courts have Increased Review Intensity 238
III Intensity of Review in Canada 243
A Questions of Law 243
B Questions of Fact and Merit 249
C Procedural Fairness 256
D A Culture of Justification 260
E Intensity of Review of Decisions Limiting Charter Rights 264
F Flexibility or a Spectrum? 270
IV Conclusions 273
7 Conclusions 274
Index 281
