Table of Contents
Contents Dedication Preface Foreward: Climate Change and the PandemicAcknoledgements The Editors The Contributors Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health...xxiJay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen, and Hanna Lindstadt Chapter 1 Primer on Climate Science...1Christopher K. Uejio, James D. Tamerius, Yoonjung Ahn, and Elaina Gonsoroski Scientific ConsensusWeather, Climate Variability, Climate Change and Scientific TheoryEnergy BalanceEvidence of a Changing Climate Projected Future Climate Changes Acknowledgement References Chapter 2 Climate Related Disasters: The Role of Prevention for Managing Health Risk...25Mark E KeimIntroduction Global TrendsPublic Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to HazardManaging the Health Risk of Climate-Related DisastersSummary References Chapter 3 Health Impacts of Extreme Heat...47 Xiangmei (May) Wu and Rupa Basu IntroductionHeat-Triggered Health EffectsFactors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience Summary References Chapter 4 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases...67Jan C. Semenza Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Summary Acknowledgment Online Resources References Chapter 5 Degraded Air Quality...93Kim Knowlton an Vijay S. Limaye Climate Change and Air Quality Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change Wildfires Drought Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health Mold and Fungi Air Pollution- Vulnerable Populations Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air PollutionMitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Assoicated Co-Pollutant Air PollutionAdaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability ConclusionOnline ResourcesReferences Chapter 6 Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms...115J.S Metcalf and N.R. Souza Introduction Toxic Producing Groups of Algae Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins? Long-Term Solutions and Remediation Emerging Questions and Conclusions References Chapter 7 Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective...131Lewis H. Ziska and Kristie L. Ebi Introduction Direct Consequences Indirect Consequences Conclusion References Chapter 8 Climate and Its Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases...151Andrea G. Buchwald, Jada F. Garofalo, Kenneth L. Gage, Charles B. Beard, and Rosemary RochfordArbovirusesMalariaLyme Disease in the United StatesSummary and ConclusionsReferences Chapter 9 Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All...171Cristina Tirado Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks Integrated Multisectoral Adapation for MalnutritionSustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns ConclusionsReferences Chapter 10 Climate Change and Population Mental Health...187 Salma M. Abdalla, Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea Overview Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms High Ambient Temperature and HeatwavesNatural Disasters Forced Migration Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict Phsyical Health A Disproportionate Burden Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental HealthConclusion References Chapter 11 Worker Health...203Miranda Dally and Lee S. Newman Introduction HazardsMigrant Workers and Climate Change Adaptation and Response Worker, Family, and Societal Burden ConclusionsReferences Chapter 12 Women's Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender...223Tracy A. Cushing and Cecilia J. Sorensen IntroductionDirect Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women Temperature Air Quality Climate-Related Disasters and Forced MigrationFood Insecurity Water ScarcityInfectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness The Role of Women and Gener in Climate Change Policy and Planning Summary ReferencesChapter 13 Climate Modeling for Health Impacts...235Kristopher B. Karnauskas Greenhouse Gases and Radiative ForcingWhat Is a Global Climate Model?Global Climate Models and Global Change Science Summary and Closing RemarksReferences Chapter 14 Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning...249 Peter Berry, Kristie L. Ebi, Rebekka Schnitter, Louise Aubin, and Sherilee Harper IntroductionThe Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on HealthMethods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Vulnerability and Adaptation AssessmentsThe Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation AssessmentsSummary References Chapter 15 Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future...267Nikhil A. Ranadive and Jeremy J. Hess A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projection ModelingThe Role of GCM ProjectionsThe Role of Scenarios Characterizations of Projected ExposuresChoosing and Quantifying Exposure-Outcome AssociationsProjecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events Comparisons and the Counterfactual Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature Characterization of Risk Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact ProjectionSummary References Chapter 16 Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change...289Cecilia Martinez and Nicky Sheats IntroductionClimate Resiliency and Environmental Justice Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Air Quality, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Heat Waves, Environmental Justice and Climate Change Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice Indigenous Rights and Climate Change Next Steps Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 17 Climate Change Communication...307Adam Corner, Chris Shaw, Stuart Capstick, and Nick PidgeonIntroductionPublic Understanding of Climate Change and Principle of Climate Change CommunicationCommunicating the Impacts of Climate Change Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Piublic Health Summary References and Further Reading Chapter 18 International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation Kristie L. Ebi Introduction Historical Perspective International Framework for AdaptationAssessing Adaptation Needs and OptionsNAPAs and NAPs Adaptation OptionSummary References Chapter 19 Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies...343 Elizabeth J. Carlton, Amber S. Khan, and Justin V. Remais Introduction Climate Mitigation Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector Challenges and ConsiderationsSummary References Chapter 20 International Institutions and Global Governance on Climate Change...365Ambereen K. Shaffie Introduction Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies International Governance Structures Addressing Climate MitigationAn Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate NexusClimate NegotiationsConclusionReferences and Further Reading Chapter 21 Climate Change and the Right to Health...393 Alison Blaiklock, Carmel Williams, and Rhys Jones Introduction What are Human Rights? What is the Right to Health? Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to HealthUnjust Disparities Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate CrisisSummary References Chapter 22 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction...407Virginia Murray, Debra Parkinson, and Ellen Bloomer Overview Climate-Related Disasters and Their ImpactsThe 2015 UN Landmark Agreements The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk ReductionWHO's Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework Summary References Chapter 23 Climate Change and Forced Migration Craig Spencer, Amit Chandra, and Micaela Y. Arthur Introduction The Decision to Migrate Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration Summary Online Resources References Chapter 24 Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health...433Allison Crimmins Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health?Economic Valuation Economic Models Exmaples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change Summary References Chapter 25 Health Care System Resilience...455Caitlin S. Rublee, Emilie Calvello Hynes and John M. Balbus Introduction Definitions Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems Natural Systems and ResourcesInternational Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience Green and Resilient Health Care Case Studies Econimics and Equity Research Needs Summary References Chapter 26 Health Professional Climate Engagement...477Amy Collins, Shanda Demorest, and Sarah Spengeman IntroductionSocial Movements Advocacy within the Health Care Sector Clinically Sustainable Health Care Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change Encouraging Trends Summary Online Resources References Chapter 27 Specific Impacts Upon Human Health...497Caleb Dresser and Satchit Balsari IntroductionCardiovascular Disease Respiratory Disease Pneumonic Plague Pulmonary HantavirusRenal Disease Neurologic DiseaseReproductive Health and Disease Ocular Disease Hematology and Oncology Psychiatric Disease Dermatologic Disease Gastrointestinal Disease Endocrine Disease Multisystem Heat-Related IllnessInfectious Disease, Immunology and ToxicologySummary ReferencesChapter 28 Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity...521Richard Salkowe and Mark R. Hafen Introduction Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity LossHistorical Perspective Biodiversity loss in the 21st Century Marine and Coastal Ecosystems Polar Ocean Ecosystems Coastal Ecosystems Rainforest Ecosystems Desert Ecosystems Mountain Ecosystems Summary References Chapter 29 Ecosystem Services...537 Lydia Olander, Sara Mason, Heather Tallis, Joleah Lamb, Yuta J. Masuda and Randall KramerWhat are Ecosystem Services? How does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health?Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health Summary References Chapter 30 Climate Change and Health in Alaska...561 Micah Hahn IntroductionEnvironmental Change in Alaska How is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States?Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska OneHealth Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 31 The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate...583Hanna Linstadt, Cecilia J. Sorensen and Morgan D. Bazilian IntroductionCurrent Trends in Global Energy Supply The Energy Transition and Climate Change Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs Clean Energy Transitions and Health Conclusion References Loss of Coral Reefs...591 Carolyn Sotka The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action...600Shanda Demorset Glossary Index