Table of Contents
Table of Figures xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Overview of Constitutional Criminal Procedure 1
Part I Search and Seizure-The Framework of the Fourth Amendment
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Fourth Amendment 11
Chapter 3 When Does the Fourth Amendment Apply? 17
§3.1 Governmental Action-Public Versus Private Search 17
§3.2 Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 22
Chapter 4 What Does the Fourth Amendment Require?-The Doctrine of Justification 45
§4.1 Probable Cause-The Standard for Search and Arrest 46
§4.2 Reasonable Suspicion-The Standard for Stop and Frisk 70
§4.3 What Constitutes a Stop? 74
§4.4 The Expansion of Terry: Demand for Identification, Vehicle Stops, Detention of Effects, Protective Sweeps, and Plain Feel 78
§4.5 Administrative Searches 103
Chapter 5 Search and Arrest Warrants 121
§5.1 Note on the Warrant Requirement 121
§5.2 The Components of a Valid Search Warrant 122
§5.2.1 Neutral and Detached Magistrate 122
§5.2.2 The Probable Cause Showing 123
§5.2.3 The Particularity Requirement and the Plain View Doctrine 125
§5.3 Execution of a Search Warrant 135
§5.4 Administrative Search Warrants 137
§5.5 Anticipatory Search Warrants 137
§5.6 The Arrest Warrant Requirement 138
§5.7 The Components of a Valid Arrest Warrant 139
Chapter 6 Warrantless Searches and Seizures 143
§6.1 Introduction 143
§6.2 Exceptions That Require Probable Cause: The Emergency Exception (Exigent Circumstances) 144
§6.3 Exceptions That Require Probable Cause: Search Incident to Arrest 154
§6.4 Exceptions That Require Probable Cause: Automobile Search and the Container Doctrine 164
§6.5 Exceptions That Require Reasonable Suspicion: Stop-and-Frisk and Investigative Detentions 170
§6.6 Administrative and Inventory Searches 170
§6.7 Warrantless Intrusion Requiring No Justification: Consent 171
§6.8 The Plain View Doctrine 184
§6.9 The Problem of Pretext 191
Chapter 7 The Exclusionary Rule: Rationale, Operation, and Limitations 195
§7.1 The Rationale of the Exclusionary Rule 195
§7.2 The Derivative Evidence (Fruit-of-the-Poisonous-Tree) Doctrine 199
§7.3 Limitations on the Exclusionary Rule 215
§7.3.1 Standing 216
§7.3.2 Limitation to Criminal Trial Versus Other Proceedings 227
§7.3.3 The Good Faith Exception 231
§7.3.4 The Impeachment Exception 243
§7.3.5 Harmless Error 244
Part II Interrogation and Confessions
Chapter 8 The Voluntariness Standard 249
Chapter 9 The Miranda Approach 261
§9.1 The Miranda Decision 261
§9.2 The Components of Miranda 264
§9.2.1 Custody 264
§9.2.2 Interrogation 274
§9.2.3 The Substance and Adequacy of the Warnings 286
§9.2.4 Waiver of Miranda Rights 291
§9.2.5 Waiver After Invocation of the Right to Silence or to Counsel 303
§9.3 Limitations on the Scope of the Miranda Exclusionary Rule 316
§9.3.1 Use of the Statement for Impeachment 317
§9.3.2 The Public Safety Exception 319
§9.3.3 Suppression of the Fruits of a Statement Obtained in Violation of Miranda 326
§9.4 Summary-What's Left of Miranda? 328
Chapter 10 The Sixth Amendment "Right to Counsel" Approach 329
§10.1 The Messiah Doctrine 329
§10.2 The "Deliberately Elicit" Standard 330
§10.3 At What Point Does the Massiah Doctrine Apply?-The Initiation of Judicial Proceedings 332
§10.4 Waiver and Exceptions to the Massiah Doctrine 333
§10.5 Overview of Interrogation and Confessions 338
Part III Other Investigative Procedures
Chapter 11 Other Investigative Procedures - Eyewitness Identification, Bodily Intrusions, Examination of Physical Attributes, Entrapment, and "High-Tech" and Computer Searches 341
§11.1 Eyewitness Identification 341
§11.2 Bodily Intrusions and Examination of Suspect's Physical Attributes 348
§11.3 Entrapment 354
§11.3.1 The Common Law Defense 355
§11.3.2 Due Process 356
§11.4 "High-Tech" Searches 361
§11.4.1 Electronic Surveillance and Wiretapping 361
§11.4.2 Searches of Computers 362
Chapter 12 September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath 367
§12.1 Introduction 367
§12.2 Terrorism and the Fourth Amendment 374
Checklist and Review Problems 377
Table of Cases 389
Index 401
