Electricity Production from Renewable Energies / Edition 1

by Benoit Robyns, Arnaud Davigny, Bruno François, Antoine Henneton, Jonathan Sprooten

Overview

Energy and environmental issues have caused a marked increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources since the beginning of the 21st Century. The concept of sustainable development and concern for future generations challenge us every day to produce new technologies for energy production, and new patterns of use for these energies. Their rapid emergence can make the understanding and therefore the perception of these new technologies difficult. This book aims to contribute to a better understanding of the new electricity generation technologies by addressing a diverse audience. It presents the issues, sources and means of conversion into electricity using a general approach and develops scientific concepts to understand their main technical characteristics.
Systems of electricity generation from renewable energy resources of small to medium powers are presented. The basic electrical concepts necessary for understanding the operating characteristics of these energy converters are introduced, and the constraints and problems of integration in the electrical networks of those means of production are discussed. Several exercises are provided to the reader for evaluation purposes.

Contents

1. Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy, Benoît Robyns.
2. Solar Photovoltaic Power, Arnaud Davigny.
3. Wind Power, Bruno Francois and Benoît Robyns.
4. Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides, Benoît Robyns and Antoine Henneton.
5. Thermal Power Generation, Jonathan Sprooten.
6. Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network, Benoît Robyns.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781848213906
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	03/05/2012
Series:	ISTE Series , #620
Pages:	288
Product dimensions:	6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Benoit Robyns is Director of research at Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Arnaud Davigny, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Bruno Francois, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France.

Antoine Henneton, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.

Jonathan Sprooten, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.

Table of Contents

Foreword xi

Introduction xiii

Chapter 1 Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Benoît Robyns 1

1.1 Decentralized production 1

1.2 The issue of renewable energies 2

1.2.1 Observations 2

1.2.2 The sustainable development context 6

1.2.3 Commitments and perspectives 6

1.3 Renewable energy sources 9

1.3.1 Wind energy 9

1.3.2 Solar energy 9

1.3.3 Hydraulics 11

1.3.4 Geothermal energy 11

1.3.5 Biomass 12

1.3.6 Contribution of the various renewable energies 13

1.4 Production of electricity from renewable energies 14

1.4.1 Electricity supply chains 14

1.4.2 Efficiency factor 16

1.5 Bibliography 17

Chapter 2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Arnaud Davigny 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Characteristics of the primary resource 21

2.3 Photovoltaic conversion 25

2.3.1 Introduction 25

2.3.2 Photovoltaic effect 25

2.3.3 Photovoltaic cells 27

2.3.4 Cell association 43

2.4 Maximum electric power extraction 49

2.5 Power converters 53

2.5.1 Introduction 53

2.5.2 Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains 53

2.5.3 Choppers 56

2.5.4 Inverters 60

2.6 Adjustment of the active and reactive power 64

2.7 Solar power stations 65

2.7.1 Introduction 65

2.7.2 Autonomous power stations 66

2.7.3 Power stations connected to the network 66

2.8 Exercises 67

2.8.1 Characteristic of a photovoltaic panel 67

2.8.2 Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation 69

2.9 Bibliography 72

Chapter 3 Wind Power Bruno Francois Benoít Robyns 75

3.1 Characteristic of the primary resource 75

3.1.1 Variability 75

3.1.2 The Weibull distribution 76

3.1.3 The effect of relief 79

3.1.4 Loading rate 80

3.1.5 Compass card 81

3.2 Kinetic wind energy 82

3.3 Wind turbines 83

3.3.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines 83

3.3.2 Vertical axis wind turbines 91

3.3.3 Comparison of the various turbine types 94

3.4 Power limitation by varying the power coefficient 95

3.4.1 The "pitch" or variable pitch angle system 96

3.4.2 The "stall" or aerodynamic stall system 97

3.5 Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator 99

3.5.1 Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency 99

3.5.2 "Direct drive" wind turbines(without a multiplier) 100

3.5.3 Use of a speed multiplier 101

3.6 Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion 101

3.7 "Fixed speed" wind turbines based on induction machines 103

3.7.1 Physical principle 103

3.7.2 Constitution of induction machines 104

3.7.3 Modeling 105

3.7.4 Conversion system 109

3.7.5 Operation characteristics 111

3.8 Variable speed wind turbine 112

3.8.1 Issues 112

3.8.2 Classification of the structures according to machine technologies 113

3.8.3 Principle of element sizing 115

3.8.4 Adjustment of active and reactive powers 117

3.8.5 Aerogenerators based on a doubly fed induction machine 122

3.8.6 Aerogenerators based on a synchronous machine 128

3.9 Wind turbine farms 135

3.10 Exercises 137

3.10.1 Fixed speed wind turbines 137

3.10.2 Characterization of a turbine and estimate of the generated power 139

3.10.3 High power variable speed wind turbines 143

3.11 Bibliography 146

Chapter 4 Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides Benoît Robyns Antoine Henneton 149

4.1 Run-of-the-river hydraulics 149

4.1.1 Hydroelectricity 149

4.1.2 Small hydraulics 152

4.1.3 Hydraulic turbines 154

4.1.4 Electromechanical conversion for small hydroelectricity 160

4.1.5 Exercise: small hydroelectric run-qf-the-river power station 163

4.2 Hydraulic power of the sea 172

4.2.1 Wave power 172

4.2.2 Energy of the continuous ocean currents 177

4.2.3 Tidal energy 179

4.2.4 Wave production, wave-power generator 185

4.2.5 Production by sea currents 206

4.2.6 Tidal production 216

4.2.7 Exercise: Estimation of the production of a simple effect tidal power 226

4.3 Bibliography 227

Chapter 5 Thermal Power Generation Jonathan Sprooten 233

5.1 Introduction 233

5.2 Geothermal power 233

5.2.1 Introduction 233

5.2.2 The resource 234

5.2.3 Fluid characteristics 235

5.2.4 The principle of geothermal power plants 237

5.2.5 Thermodynamic conversion 239

5.2.6 Steam turbine 244

5.2.7 The alternator 246

5.3 Thermodynamic solar power generation 252

5.3.1 Introduction 252

5.3.2 The principle of concentration 253

5.3.3 Cylindro-parabolic design 258

5.3.4 The solar tower 261

5.3.5 Parabolic dish design 261

5.3.6 Comparison of solar thermodynamic generations 263

5.4 Cogeneration by biomass 264

5.4.1 Origin of biomass-energy interests 264

5.4.2 Cogeneration principle 265

5.5 Bibliography 268

Chapter 6 Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network Benoît Robyns 271

6.1 From a centralized network to a decentralized network 271

6.1.1 The transport network 271

6.1.2 The distribution network 272

6.1.3 Services for the electric system 274

6.1.4 Towards network decentralization 278

6.2 Connection voltage 279

6.3 Connection constraints 279

6.3.1 Voltage control 279

6.3.2 Frequency control 282

6.3.3 Quality of the electric wave 283

6.3.4 Short-circuit power 284

6.3.5 Protection of the electric system 285

6.3.6 Coupling of the production facilities to the network 286

6.3.7 Other constraints 287

6.4 Limitations of the penetration level 287

6.4.1 Participation in ancillary services 287

6.4.2 Untimely disconnections 288

6.4.3 Production prediction 289

6.4.4 Network hosting capacity 289

6.5 Perspectives for better integration into the networks 290

6.5.1 Actions at the source level 290

6.5.2 Actions on the network level 293

6.5.3 Actions on the consumer level 298

6.6 Bibliography 300

List of Authors 305

Index 307