Design And Construction Of Berm Breakwaters

by Jentsje Van Der Meer, Sigurdur Sigurdarson

Overview

Modern design of berm breakwaters began about thirty years ago. However, to date, there has been a lack of a well-established, formal design methodology on berm breakwaters. The authors Dr Jentsje van der Meer and Sigurdur Sigurdarson combine over 40 years of collective experience working with breakwaters to put forward a design framework in Design and Construction of Berm Breakwaters; covering the science and design practices of berm breakwater structures. The original design consisted of mass armoured berms that reshaped into statically stable S-shaped slopes. The design was adopted in Iceland and eventually led to a development with more stable structures by using available rock sizes, large rock, and more rock gradings than just 'small rock (core)' and 'large rock (berm)'. This more stable and only partly reshaping structure is called the Icelandic-type berm breakwater.Written for researchers and practitioners, the volume consists of chapters on geometrical designs of the berm breakwater cross-section, including berm reshaping and wave overtopping, quarry and project management, as well as blasting and sorting techniques, designs for various wave conditions and available rock classes, and case studies of already constructed berm breakwaters.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789814749602
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	11/08/2016
Series:	Advanced Series On Ocean Engineering , #40
Pages:	352
Product dimensions:	5.90(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.70(d)

Table of Contents

Preface v

Acknowledgment ix

Notation xv

1 History of Modem Berm Breakwaters 1

1.1 Time before modem berm breakwaters 1

1.2 Developments in Australia, mass-armoured breakwater 2

1.3 Developments in Canada, modern berm breakwaters 3

1.4 Contact between Canada and the Netherlands 5

1.5 Developments in Iceland 6

1.6 Berm breakwaters in international cooperation 12

1.7 Outline of the book 13

2 Classification and Types of Berm Breakwaters 15

2.1 Design wave climate, definitions and parameters 15

2.2 Classification of berm breakwaters by PIANC 21

2.3 New classification of berm breakwaters 22

3 Predicting Stability and Reshaping 29

3.1 Practical aspects 29

3.2 Existing prediction methods on static stability 30

3.3 The modified Van der Meer formulae in the Rock Manual 35

3.4 Existing prediction methods on reshaping 36

3.5 Damage profile for a statically stable straight slope 43

3.6 Validation of damage prediction 46

3.7 New method for recession of berm breakwaters 52

3.7.1 Available data sets 52

3.7.2 Development of new recession formula 60

3.7.3 Influences on recession of berm breakwaters 66

3.7.4 Conclusions on recession of berm breakwaters 76

4 Functional Behaviour: Wave Overtopping, Reflection and Transmission 79

4.1 Wave overtopping 79

4.1.1 Context of wave overtopping 79

4.1.2 Available data sets 89

4.1.3 Development of influence factor γ_BB 92

4.2 Wave reflection 102

4.3 Wave transmission 107

5 Geometrical Design of the Cross-section 111

5.1 About design guidance in this chapter 111

5.2 Parameters in geometrical design of the cross-section 112

5.2.1 General description of the cross-section 112

5.2.2 Berm width, B, as function of recession and resiliency 115

5.2.3 Crest level, R_c 117

5.2.4 Horizontal armour width, A_h 120

5.2.5 Rock classes and proposal for new mass-armoured berm breakwater 121

5.2.6 Berm level, d_b 126

5.2.7 Apron 128

5.2.8 Transition from Class I to Class II rock 129

5.2.9 Possible toe berm 130

5.3 Application of geometrical rules for a design 131

5.4 Roundhead 135

5.5 Soft soil 142

5.6 Maintenance aspects 145

6 Armourstone and Quarrying 147

6.1 Introduction 147

6.2 Armourstone gradings 151

6.2.1 Introduction 151

6.2.2 Grading curves in research 151

6.2.3 EN 13383 system for standard gradings 153

6.2.4 Non-standard gradings from dedicated quarries 156

6.3 Quarry yield prediction 158

6.4 Blasting for armourstone 165

6.5 Quarry planning 170

7 Construction 173

7.1 Introduction 173

7.2 Armourstone quarry in the contract 173

7.3 Equipment 174

7.4 Placement and tolerances 180

7.4.1 Armourstone placement 180

7.4.2 Tolerances 185

7.4.3 Definition of rock surface and survey method for constructed profile 186

7.5 Weight assessment of rock gradings in-situ 190

7.5.1 Weight assessment by estimating average rock dimensions 190

7.5.2 Weight assessment of rock in-situ from block shape 193

7.5.3 Comparison of the two methods 196

8 Geometrical Design into Practice, Examples 199

8.1 Design methods 199

8.1.1 Geometrical design method for berm breakwaters 199

8.1.2 Design wave climate and other conditions for examples 208

8.2 Examples for a design wave height of 5 m 210

8.2.1 HR IC dedicated quarry, Class I 10-20 t 210

8.2.2 PR IC standard gradings, Class I 6-10 t 213

8.2.3 FR MA standard gradings, Class I 3-61 215

8.2.4 Conventional rock armour design 217

8.2.5 Overall conclusions and comparison 220

8.3 Examples for a design wave height of 3 m 221

8.3.1 HR IC dedicated quarry, Class I 1-4 t 221

8.3.2 PR MA dedicated quarry, Class I 0.5-2 t 223

8.3.3 Conventional rock armour design 225

8.3.4 Overall conclusions and comparison 227

8.4 Examples for design a wave height of 7 m 228

8.4.1 HR IC dedicated quarry, Class I 20-35 t 228

8.4.2 PR IC dedicated quarry, Class I 10-20 t 230

8.4.3 FR MA standard grading, Class I 6-10 t 232

8.4.4 Overall conclusions and comparison 234

9 Constructed Examples 237

9.1 Introduction 237

9.2 Hardly reshaping berm breakwater 237

9.2.1 The Dalvik berm breakwater, Iceland 237

9.2.2 The Helgavik berm breakwater, new design, Iceland 243

9.3 Partly reshaping berm breakwater - Icelandic-type 244

9.3.1 The Sirevåg berm breakwater, Norway 244

9.3.2 The Hammerfest berm breakwater, Norway 250

9.3.3 The Husavik berm breakwater, Iceland 253

9.4 Partly reshaping berm breakwater - mass-armoured 258

9.4.1 The Helguvik berm breakwater, original design, Iceland 258

9.5 Fully reshaping berm breakwater 261

9.5.1 The St George breakwaters, Alaska 261

9.5.2 The Bakkafjordur breakwater, Iceland 266

9.5.3 The Mortavika berm breakwater, Norway 276

9.5.4 The Mackay Southern breakwater, Queensland, Australia 282

Appendix A Relationships to Compose a Damage Profile for a Straight Rock Slope 287

Appendix B Detailed Analysis of Berm Recession 289

Appendix C Detailed Analysis of Wave Overtopping 299

Appendix D Calculations of Examples for Geometrical Design in Chapter 8 311

Bibliography 321

About the Authors 327