Table of Contents
List of Contributors xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 School Policies and Children's Obesity Patricia M. Anderson Kristin F. Butcher Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach 1
1 Introduction 1
2 The food environment 2
3 The activity environment 5
4 Other school policies with possible effects on student weight 6
5 Being in school versus not being in school 8
6 Policy simulations 9
7 Conclusions 13
References 13
Chapter 2 Alcohol Policies and Child Maltreatment Sara Markowitz Michael Grossman Ryan Conrad 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Analytical framework 20
3 Data 21
3.1 Alcohol regulations 23
4 Empirical estimation 25
5 Results 29
6 Conclusions 30
Acknowledgments 31
References 31
Appendix A. State liquor sales status 35
Chapter 3 Child Care Choices and Childhood Obesity Resul Cesur Chris M. Herbst Erdal Tekin 37
1 Introduction 38
2 Empirical specification 42
3 Data 44
4 Results 47
5 Conclusion 58
References 58
Appendix 61
Chapter 4 Individual Time Preferences and Health Behaviors, with an Application to Health Insurance W. David Bradford James F. Burgess 63
1 Introduction 64
2 Background 65
2.1 Foundations of time preferences 65
2.2 Measuring time preferences 68
2.3 Dynamic questions in time preferences 70
2.4 Time preferences and health 70
3 Discounting and health insurance choice 73
3.1 Conceptual model of health insurance demand 73
3.2 Discounting and health insurance choice 75
3.3 Discounting and health insurance choice results 82
4 Summary 90
Acknowledgment 91
References 91
Chapter 5 Disparate Effects of Chip Premiums on Disenrollment for Minorities James Marton Cynthia S. Searcy Jennifer Ghandhi 95
1 Introduction 96
2 Background 97
3 KCHIP program and data 99
4 Methods 102
5 Results 103
5.1 Main effects of the policy indicators 103
5.2 Main effects of the demographic indicators 105
5.3 Differential impact of the new premium on minorities 106
6 Discussion 109
Acknowledgment 111
References 111
Chapter 6 Health Outcomes from Head Start Participation Carolina C. Felix David E. Frisvold 115
1 Introduction 116
2 Conceptual framework 116
3 Small, high-quality preschool programs 117
4 The Head Start program 119
5 An analysis of the influence of Head Start participation on risky behaviors in adolescence 123
5.1 Data 123
5.2 What are the determinants of Head Start participation? 125
5.3 Selection on observables 129
5.4 Selection on unobservables 131
6 Conclusion 133
Acknowledgment 134
References 134
Chapter 7 Universal Helmet Laws and Motorcycle Fatalities: A Longitudinal Analysis of Policy Changes Michael T. French Gulcin Gumus Jenny F. Homer 139
1 Introduction 140
2 Background 144
3 Data and methods 146
4 Results 149
5 Conclusions 157
Acknowledgments 159
References 159
Appendix A. Variable definitions and sources 162
Chapter 8 Accounting for Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Children's Obesity Status at 2 Years of Age Jason M. Fletcher 163
1 Introduction 164
2 Literature review 164
3 Data and empirical methods 167
4 Results 168
5 Discussion 171
Acknowledgments 174
References 174
Appendix A 177
Chapter 9 Effects of Education on Adult Health in Sweden: Results from a Natural Experiment Jasmina Spasojevic 179
1 Introduction 180
2 Conceptual framework 181
3 Model 183
4 The Swedish natural experiment: compulsory schooling reform 184
5 Data 185
6 Empirical results 186
6.1 Effect of the compulsory schooling reform on education 187
6.2 Treatment of education in the health structural equation 189
6.3 Treatment of income 194
7 Conclusion 196
Acknowledgments 196
References 196
Chapter 10 A Survey on the Economics of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry Ian McCarthy 201
1 Introduction 202
2 Product life cycle 203
2.1 Research and development 203
2.2 Marketing 206
2.3 Supply chain 211
2.4 Prescription drug sales and profitability 212
3 Prescription drug prices 213
3.1 Defining price 213
3.2 Trends in prescription drug prices 215
3.3 Determinants of price 217
4 Consumer behavior in the pharmaceutical industry 221
4.1 Prescription drug utilization 222
4.2 Demand elasticity 223
4.3 Physicians 224
4.4 Consumer information 225
4.5 Insurance coverage 226
5 Conclusion 235
References 236
Chapter 11 The Indirect Impacts of Smoking Bans in Gaming Venues Joseph G. Hirschberg Jeanette N. Lye 243
1 Introduction 243
2 Electronic gaming machines 245
3 The relationship between gambling and smoking 246
4 Smoking bans - a review of previous literature 248
5 Smoking ban in Victoria, Australia 249
5.1 The local impacts of the smoking ban 249
5.2 The tax revenue impacts of the smoking ban 253
6 Conclusions 255
References 256
