Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Part I Directions for Broad Policy Change 15
1 Sent Home and Put Oft Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the 9th Grade Robert Balfanz Vaughn Byrnes Joanna Fox 17
2 Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Tracey L. Shollenberger 31
3 Security Measures and Discipline in American High Schools Jeremy D. Finn Timothy J. Servoss 44
4 The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout Miner P. Marchbanks III Jamilia J. Blake Eric A. Booth Dottle Carmichael Allison L. Seibert Tony Fabelo 59
5 Challenging Middle-Class Notions of Femininity: Trip Cause of Black Females' Disproportionate Suspension Rates Jamilia J. Blake Bettie Ray Butler Danielle Smith 75
6 Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline Daniel J. Losen Jongyeon Ee Chen Hodson Tia E. Martinez 89
7 Reducing Suspensions by Improving Academic Engagement Among School-Age Black Males Ivory A. Toldson Tyne McGee Brianna P. Lemmons 107
8 What Conditions Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago Matthew P. Steinberg Elaine Allensworth David W. Johnson 118
9 Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Out-of-School Suspension Russell J. Skiba Choong-Geun Chung Megan Trachok Timberly Baker Adam Sheya Robin Hughes 132
Part II Specific Remedies for Closing the Discipline Gap 147
10 Socializing Schools: Addressing Racial Disparities in Discipline Through Restorative Justice Thalia González 151
11 The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline Anne Gregory Joseph P. Allen Amori Yee Mikami Christopher A. Hafen Robert C. Piants 166
12 Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions Dewey Cornell Peter Lovegrove 180
13 Avoid Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned From a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improve Conditions for Learning David M. Osher Jeffrey M. Poirier G. Roger Jarjoura Russell C. Brown 192
14 Effectiveness of Schoolwide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports in Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusion Claudia G. Vincent Jeffrey R. Sprague CHiXapkaid (Michael Pavel) Tary J. Tobin Jeff M. Gau 207
15 Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship Among Suspension, Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race Judi E. Vanderhaar Joseph M. Petrosko Marco A. Muhoz 222
16 Personal Perspective on School Discipline Issues and Remedies: Interview with Karen Webber-Ndour, Executive Director of Student Support and Safety for Baltimore City Schools Daniel J. Losen 237
Conclusion 241
About the Editor and Contributors 255
Index 259