Basic Concepts in Biochemistry: A Student's Survival Guide (Basic Sciences Series) / Edition 2

by Hiram F. Gilbert

Overview

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Do you find biochemistry daunting? If so, this time-saving guide offers all the help you need. Compact, yet comprehensive, the second edition of BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY breaks down the complexities of biochemistry into jargon-free, easy-to-remember steps that show you how biochemistry works.And unline reviews that emphasize memorization of facts, this book helps you master the topics that students find most difficult, building your understanding with explanations in everyday language. You'll comprehend the material and feel more comfortable applying it.Along with enhanced figures, the new edition contains two new chapters - one that outlines the concepts of membranes and membrane proteins, and another that focuses on signal transduction pathways.OTHER FEATURES TO LOOK FOR:Building-block format, providing clear connections between easier and more difficult topics; Empahsis on concepts - not facts - for a handle on any problem;Summary boxes, diagrams, and tables that speed review and clarify key points.BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY has just one goal: to review the toughest concepts in biochemistry in an accessible format so your understanding is thorough and complete.Look for these other BASIC CONCEPTS titles: Cell biology; Embryology; Immunology; Pathology; Pharmacology.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780071356572
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	11/16/1999
Series:	Basic Sciences Series
Edition description:	List
Pages:	331
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.59(d)

About the Author

McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
	Prologue	xv
Chapter 1	Where to Start	1
	Instructions	1
	What Do I Need to Know?	2
	Instructions for Use	2
	Studying and Exams	2
	Trivia Sorter	4
Chapter 2	Protein Structure	6
	Amino Acid Structure	6
	Interactions	8
	Water	9
	Hydrophobic Interaction	9
	van der Waals Interactions and London Dispersion Forces	11
	Hydrogen Bonds	11
	Secondary Structure	12
	Protein Stability	15
	Favorable (Good) Interactions	17
	Unfavorable (Bad) Interactions	17
	Temperature-Sensitive Mutations	19
	Ligand-Binding Specificity	20
	Global Conclusion	21
Chapter 3	Membranes and Membrane Proteins	22
	General Membrane Function	22
	Membrane Composition	23
	Phospholipid Bilayer	24
	Membrane Structure	25
	Posttranslational Modification	26
	Membrane Fluidity	27
	Diffusion in Membranes	28
	Movement of Ions and Molecules Across Membranes	28
	Transport Across Membranes	29
	The Nernst Equation	31
Chapter 4	DNA-RNA Structure	35
	DNA Structure	35
	DNA Stability	37
	RNA Secondary Structure	38
Chapter 5	Expression of Genetic Information	40
	Information Metabolism	40
	Directions and Conventions	41
	DNA Replication	42
	Types of DNA Polymerase	45
	Recombination	47
	Regulation of Information Metabolism	49
	Transcription	53
	Regulation of Transcription	55
	Translation	57
	Use of High-Energy Phosphate Bonds During Translation	60
Chapter 6	Recombinant-DNA Methodology	61
	Restriction Analysis	61
	Gels and Electrophoresis	65
	Blotting	67
	Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphism	69
	Cloning	70
	Sequencing	73
	Mutagenesis	75
	Polymerase Chain Reaction	76
Chapter 7	Enzyme Mechanism	80
	Active Site	81
	Transition State	81
	Catalysis	83
	Lock and Key	83
	Induced Fit	83
	Nonproductive Binding	85
	Entropy	87
	Strain and Distortion	88
	Transition-State Stabilization	88
	Transition-State Analogs	91
	Chemical Catalysis	93
Chapter 8	Enzyme Kinetics	95
	S, P, and E (Substrate, Product, Enzyme)	96
	Amounts and Concentrations	96
	Active Site	97
	Assay	98
	Velocity	98
	Initial Velocity	100
	Mechanism	101
	Little k's	102
	Michaelis-Menten Equation	103
	V[subscript max]	106
	K[subscript cat]	106
	K[subscript m]	107
	Special Points	107
	k[subscript cat]/K[subscript m]	107
	Rate Accelerations	108
	Steady-State Approximation	109
	Transformations and Graphs	111
	Inhibition	112
	Allosterism and Cooperativity	117
	The Monod-Wyman-Changeaux Model	119
Chapter 9	Signal Transduction Pathways	123
	Signal Transduction Pathways	123
	Organization	124
	Signals	125
	Receptors	126
	Soluble Receptors	126
	Transmembrane Receptors	128
	Enzyme Coupled Receptors	128
	G-Protein Coupled Receptors	131
	Ion-Channel Coupled Receptors	132
	Second Messengers	133
	Amplifiers	136
	Integrators	137
	Inhibitors	138
Chapter 10	Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis	141
	Glycolysis Function	143
	Glycolysis Location	143
	Glycolysis Connections	143
	Glycolysis Regulation	143
	Glycolysis ATP Yields	144
	Glycolysis Equations	144
	Effect of Arsenate	144
	Lactate or Pyruvate	145
	Gluconeogenesis Function	145
	Gluconeogenesis Location	145
	Gluconeogenesis Connections	145
	Gluconeogenesis Regulation	146
	Gluconeogenesis ATP Costs	146
	Gluconeogenesis Equations	146
Chapter 11	Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation	147
	Function	147
	Location	147
	Connections	148
	Regulation	148
	ATP Yield	150
	ATP Cost	150
	Molecular Features	150
Chapter 12	TCA Cycle	153
	TCA Cycle	153
Chapter 13	Fat Synthesis and Degradation	155
	Fatty Acid Synthesis Function	156
	Fatty Acid Synthesis Location	156
	Fatty Acid Synthesis Connections	157
	Fatty Acid Synthesis Regulation	157
	Fatty Acid Synthesis ATP Costs (for C[subscript 16])	157
	Fatty Acid Synthesis Equation	159
	Elongation and Desaturation	160
	Triglyceride and Phospholipid Synthesis	162
	[beta]-Oxidation Function	164
	[beta]-Oxidation Location	164
	Carnitine Shuttle	164
	[beta]-Oxidation Connections	164
	[beta]-Oxidation Regulation	164
	[beta]-Oxidation ATP Yield	166
	[beta]-Oxidation Equation	167
	[beta]-Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids	168
	[beta]-Oxidation of Odd-Chain-Length Fatty Acids	172
Chapter 14	Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation	173
	Oxidation and Reduction	173
	The Electron Transport Chain	174
	Connections	176
	Regulation	178
	P/O Ratios	178
	Uncouplers	179
	Inhibitors	180
Chapter 15	Pentose Phosphate Pathway	183
	Pentose Phosphate Pathway	183
Chapter 16	Amino Acid Metabolism	186
	Nonessential Amino Acid Synthesis	186
	Essential Amino Acids	187
	Amino Acid Degradation	187
	Generalities of Amino Acid Catabolism	187
	Products of Amino Acid Degradation	188
Chapter 17	Integration of Energy Metabolism	190
	Integrating Metabolic Pathways	191
	ATP	192
	Glucose	192
	Storage Molecules	193
	Metabolic States and Signals	194
	Insulin	195
	Glucagon	196
	Epinephrine	197
	Secondary Signals	198
	Generalities of Metabolism	199
	Phosphorylation	202
	Glycogen	204
	Metabolic Movements of Glycogen	205
	Fat	207
	Metabolic Movements of Fat	207
	Protein	209
	Metabolic Movements of Protein	209
	Tissue Cooperation	211
	Liver	212
	Muscle	212
	Adipose	212
	Brain	213
	Connection of Storage Pools	213
	Feeding	214
	Fasting	214
	Starvation	217
	Excitement	219
	Interorgan Cycles	221
	Cori Cycle	221
	Alanine Cycle	222
	Ketone Bodies	223
Chapter 18	Urea Cycle	225
	Urea Cycle	225
Chapter 19	Purine Metabolism	227
	Purine Synthesis	227
	Purine Salvage	228
	Deoxynucleotides	228
	Purine Degradation	229
Chapter 20	Pyrimidine Metabolism	230
	Pyrimidine Synthesis	230
	Pyrimidine Salvage	231
	Pyrimidine Degradation	232
Chapter 21	One-Carbon Metabolism	233
	One-Carbon Metabolism	233
	Oxidation States of Carbon	233
Chapter 22	Tracking Carbons	236
	Glucose to Pyruvate	236
	TCA Cycle	238
Chapter 23	ph, pK[subscript A], Problems	241
	Proton: H[superscript +] or H[subscript 3]O[superscript +]	242
	Acid	242
	Base	242
	Not All Acids and Bases Are Created Equal	243
	pK[subscript a] = -log (K[subscript a])	244
	Weak Acids Make Strong Bases (and Vice Versa)	244
	Who Gets the Proton?	245
	Don't Forget Stoichiometry	245
	The Sadistic Little p	246
	Taking log[subscript 10](x)	247
	Taking -log[subscript 10](x)	247
	pH = -log[subscript 10] [H[superscript +]]	248
	pK[subscript a] = - log[subscript 10] (K[subscript a])	248
	Buffers	248
	Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation	249
	Titration Curves	250
	plIsoelectric Point	254
	The Bicarbonate Buffer	255
	Imbalance in Blood pH	257
	Acidosis and Alkalosis	258
Chapter 24	Thermodynamics and Kinetics	261
	Thermodynamics	261
	Free Energy	263
	Adding Free-Energy Changes	268
	Coupling Free Energies	268
	Thermodynamic Cycles	269
	[Delta]G = [Delta]H - T[Delta]S	272
	Driving Force	273
	Kinetics	275
	Velocity	275
	Transition State Theory	276
	Rate Constants	277
	Rate Constants and Mechanism	283
	Appendix	284
	Glossary	287
	Index	319