Annual Review Of Nano Research, Volume 1

by Guozhong Cao, C Jeffrey Brinker

Overview

The first volume in an exciting new series, Annual Review of Nano Research, this formidable collection of review articles sees renowned contributors from eight different countries tackle the most recent advances in nanofabrication, nanomaterials and nanostructures.The broad coverage of topics in nanotechnology and nanoscience also includes a special focus on the hot topic of biomedical applications of nanomaterials. The important names contributing to the volume include: M R Bockstaller (USA), L Duclaux (France), S Forster (Germany), W Fritzsche (Germany), L Jiang (China), C Lopez (Spain), W J Parak (Germany), B Samori (Italy), U S Schubert (The Netherlands), S Shinkai (Japan), A Stein (USA), S M Hou (China), and Y N Xia (USA).The volume serves both as a handy reference for experts active in the field and as an excellent introduction to scientists whose expertise lies elsewhere but who are interested in learning about this cutting-edge research area.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789812706003
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	12/28/2006
Series:	Annual Review Of Nano Research , #1
Pages:	648
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.10(d)

Table of Contents

Preface     xv
Contributing Authors     xvii
Recent Progress in Syntheses and Applications of Inverse Opals and Related Macroporous Materials Prepared by Colloidal Crystal Templating   Justin C. Lytle   Andreas Stein     1
General Introduction     1
Synthesis of Colloidal Crystals     3
Synthesis of 3D0M Structures     6
Synthesis of Simple Oxides     6
Synthesis of Ternary Oxides and Higher Compositions     9
Synthesis of Non-Oxides     10
Synthesis of Metals     13
Synthesis of Semiconductors     16
Synthesis of Polymers     17
Synthesis of Hydrogels     19
Synthesis of Hybrid Compositions and Composites     20
Nanocasting with 3D0M Templates     21
Hierarchical Structuring     22
Two-Dimensional Pore Arrays     28
Properties and Applications of 3D0M Materials     29
Mechanical Characterization     29
Optical Applications     30
Photonic Crystals     30
Modification of Spontaneous Emission     33
Tunable Photonic Crystals     35
Metallic and Metallodielectric Photonic Crystals via Colloidal Crystal Templating     38
Defects and Deformations in Photonic Crystals     39
3D0M Pigments     41
Dye-Sensitized Titania Photonic Crystals     42
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy     44
Sensors     44
Response Based on Changes in Refractive Index     45
Response Based on Changes in Pore Spacing or Pore Geometry     46
Response Based on Changes in Surface Electronic States     47
Electrochemical Response     48
Magnetic Properties     49
Catalysis     51
Electrode and Battery Applications     54
Sorption and Wetting Behavior     57
Bioactive Materials     60
Pseudomorphic Transformation of 3DOM Materials     62
Conclusion     64
Acknowledgements     64
References     64
Photonic Crystals: Fundamentals and Applications   Alvaro Blanco   Cefe Lopez     81
Introduction     81
Photonic Band Gap Materials     83
Optical Characterization     91
Photonic Bands Interpretation     93
Applications     95
Metamaterials     100
Preparation of Photonic Crystals      102
One-Dimensional Systems     102
Two-Dimensional Systems     104
Three-Dimensional Systems     107
Colloidal Crystals     111
Bare Opals     112
Further Processing     121
Composites     123
Summary     139
Acknowledgements     140
References     140
Nanoparticle-Micelle: A New Building Block for Facile Self-Assembly and Integration of 2-, 3- Dimensional Functional Nanostructures   Hongyou Fan   C. Jeffrey Brinker     153
Introduction     154
Synthesis of NP-Micelles     155
Synthesis of Ordered NP Arrays     165
Synthesis of Hierarchically Ordered Mesostructured NP Arrays     165
Synthesis of Ordered NP Arrays in Thin Films     172
Integration of NP Arrays for Charge Transport Study     180
Conclusions and Outlook     183
Acknowledgements     184
References     184
Electrospinning Nanofibers with Controlled Structures and Complex Architectures   Dan Li   Jesse T. McCann   Manual Marquez   Younan Xia     189
Introduction     189
Experimental Setup for Electrospinning      190
History and Mechanism of Electrospinning     191
Nanofibers Containing Nanoscale Fillers     194
Nanoparticles as the Fillers     195
Nanowires and Nanotubes as the Fillers     197
Nanosheets as the Fillers     197
Electrospinning with a Dual-Capillary Spinneret     199
Core/Sheath Nanofibers     199
Hollow Nanofibers with Controlled Surface Structures     201
Improvement of Electrospinnability     203
Porous Nanofibers     204
Porous Nanofibers by Bicomponent Spinning     205
Porous Fibers by Polymer-Solvent Phase Separation     205
Complex Nanofibers via Post-Spinning Treatment     207
Ordered Architectures of Electrospun Nanofibers     209
Concluding Remarks     212
Acknowledgements     212
References     212
Structure of Doped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes   L. Duclaux   J.-L. Bantignies   L. Alvarez   R. Almairac   J.-L. Sauvajol     215
Introduction     215
Structure of Doped SWCNTs (X-Ray Diffraction and Neutron Diffraction Studies)     218
Electron Acceptors     219
Electron Donors     224
Insertion of Li and Na     224
Heavy Alkali Metals (K, Rb, Cs)     226
The Local Structure (EXAFS and TEM)     233
Rubidium Doping     234
Iodine Doping     238
Raman Spectroscopy of Bundled SWCNT     241
Raman Spectra of Alkali-Doped SWCNT Bundles     243
Doping at Saturation Level     243
Progressive Doping     244
Conclusion     247
References     250
Electron Transport in Molecular Electronic Devices   Shimin Hou   Zekan Qian   Rui Li     255
Introduction     255
Experimental Progress in Molecular Electronic Devices     256
The NEGF+DFT Approach     265
Current Formula for an Electrode-Molecule-Electrode Junction     266
Implementation of the NEGF+DFT Approach     271
Green's Function Part: Calculating the Density Matrix in an Open System     274
DFT Part: Calculating the KS Hamiltonian Matrix from the Density Matrix     282
Achieving Self-Consistency     285
Application and Challenge of the NEGF+DFT Approach     287
Conclusion     290
References     290
Structure, Properties, and Opportunities of Block Copolymer/Particle Nanocomposites   Lindsay Bombalski   Jessica Listak   Michael R. Bockstaller     295
Introduction     296
Structure Formation in BCP Hybrid Materials - Theory and Simulation     302
Structure Formation of BCP Hybride Materials - Experiments     306
Equilibrium BCP/Particle Composite Morphologies     306
Nonequilibrium BCP/Particle Composite Morphologies     317
Structure-Property Relations and Applications of BCP/NP Hybrid Materials     323
Properties Capitalizing on Effective Properties of Randomized NP Inclusions     325
Properties Capitalizing on Cooperative Phenomena of Discrete Particle Arrangements     328
Conclusion     331
Acknowledgements     333
References     333
Electro-Oxidation and Local Probe Oxidation of Nano-Patterned Organic Monolayers   Daan Wouters   Ulrich S. Schubert     337
Introduction     337
Monolayer Formation     340
Thiolate Monolayers     341
Alkylsilane Monolayers     342
Monolayer Patterning     347
Monolayer Patterning by Means of Energetic Beams     350
Monolayer Patterning by Means of Local Probes     357
Local Probe Oxidation      357
Local Probe Electro-Oxidation of SAMs     361
Other Examples of Local Probe Electro-Oxidation     372
Summary     374
Acknowledgements     375
References     375
Recent Development of Organogels Towards Smart and Soft Materials   Norifumi Fujita   Pritam Mukhopadhyay   Seiji Shinkai     385
General Introduction     386
First Generation Organogels     386
Steroid-Based Gelators     387
Anthracene-Based Gelators     387
Amino Acid and Ammonium Carbamate-Based Gelators     388
Sugar-Based Organogels     391
Chiral Gelators     391
Glycoluril-Based and Macrocycle-Based Gelators     392
Gelators Based on Complex Building Blocks     393
Second Generation Organogels     394
Host-Guest Interaction     395
H-Bonding Interaction     399
Donor-Acceptor Interaction     406
Metal-Responsive Organogels     408
Gels with Novel Optical Properties     412
Photo-Responsive Organogels     416
Redox Active Organogels     419
Light Harvesting Organogel Systems     420
Miscellaneous Organogels     423
Biomedical Applications     424
Conclusions and Future Outlook     425
References     425
Biosensors Based on Gold Nanoparticle Labeling   Robert Moller   Wolfgang Fritzsche     429
Introduction     429
General Features of Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Bioconjugation     431
Detection of Gold Nanoparticles - DNA Conjugates     434
Optical Detection     434
Homogeneous Detection     434
Heterogeneous Detection     438
Optical Scattering     441
Raman Scattering     443
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Imaging     446
Photothermal Imaging     448
Micromechanical Detection     449
Quartz-Crystal Microbalances (QCM)     449
Microcantilever     450
Electrical Detection     451
Electrochemical Detection     451
Resistive or Capacitive Detection     453
Further Applications of Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing     455
Outlook     458
References     459
Quantum Dot Applications in Biotechnology: Progress and Challenges   Cheng-An J. Lin   Jimmy K. Li    Ralph A. Sperling   Liberato Manna   Wolfgang J. Parak   Walter H. Chang     467
Introduction     468
Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Surface Modification for Their Use in Biomedical Research     470
Synthesis of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals     470
Hydrophilic Modification     473
Ligand Exchange     474
Surface Silanization     476
Amphiphilic Polymer/Surfactant Coating     477
Conclusions     480
Bioconjugate Techniques     480
Synthesis of 'Greener' Quantum Dots (GQDs)     483
Properties of Quantum Dots     487
Some Basic Photo-Physical Properties     487
Cytotoxicity/Biocompatibility     491
Quantum Dots as a Cellular Probe     493
Labeling of Cellular Structures and Receptors     493
Incorporation of Quantum Dots by Living Cells     495
Tracking the Path and the Fate of Individual Cells with Quantum Dot Labels     499
Quantum Dots as a Biosensors     502
Quantum Dots as FRET Donor     502
Quantum Dots as FRET Acceptor     505
Quantum Dots as in vivo Probes     506
Perspectives     509
Acknowledgements      510
References     510
DNA-Based Artificial Nanostructures   Giampaolo Zuccheri   Marco Brucale   Alessandra Vinelli   Bruno Samori     531
Introduction     531
Affinity vs. Specificity in DNA Interactions     532
Structural Codes for DNA in the Nanoscale: Shape and Dynamics     533
The DNA Shape Code: How Local Deformations Can Affect the Average Molecular Shape     534
DNA Flexibility: Curvature is Only Half of the Story (but the Story is not Complete Yet)     537
Surface-DNA Interactions can be Sequence-Dependent     538
A Practical Application of the Watson-Crick DNA Code: DNA Chips and DNA Detection     539
Base-Pairing for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology     540
An Evolving Fauna of DNA-Based Molecular Nanostructures     543
Hybrid Nanostructures Based on DNA Assembly: Metal Nanoparticles Plus DNA as an Example     543
Nature and Nanotechnology are a Matter of Hierarchy (and Topology)     547
Zero-Dimensional Topologies in DNA Artificial Nanostructures: Discrete DNA Constructs     549
Mono-Dimensional Topologies: Linear Arrays of Supramolecularly Connected Components to Make DNA Nano-Objects     550
Two-Dimensional Topologies of DNA Tiles     550
Raising the Size and Complexity: Algorithmic Assembly, DNA Origami, and Other Assemblies on Long Template Strands     554
Building 3D Objects     559
Strategies to Enhance the Structural Rigidity of the Nanostructures     559
The Enhancement of Symmetry in the Assembly: An Alternative Strategy     561
The Temporal Dimensionality     562
Conclusions and Outlook     565
Acknowledgements     566
References     566
Recent Progress on Bio-Inspired Surface with Special Wettability   Shutao Wang   Huan Liu   Lei Jiang     573
Introduction     574
Some Basic Aspects about Surface Wettability     575
Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity     575
Wenzel's Model and Cassie's Model     578
Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity     579
Unique Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature     579
Artificial Superhydrophobic Surface     585
Towards the Simple Process     586
Towards Environmental Stability     589
Towards Multi-Function     591
Superhydrophilic Surfaces     597
Surfaces with Tunable Wettability from Superhydrophobic to Superhydrophilic     602
Responsive Surfaces Between Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity     606
Single Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces     606
Photo-Responsive Surfaces     606
pH-Responsive Surfaces     611
Thermal-Responsive Surfaces     612
Electric-Field Responsive Surfaces     614
Mechanical Force Responsive Surfaces     616
Multi Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces     618
Conclusions and Outlook     621
References     622