All IP in 3G CDMA Networks: The UMTS Infrastructure and Service Platforms for Future Mobile Systems / Edition 1

by Jonathan P. Castro

Overview

All IP in 3G CDMA Networks covers all the key aspects of UMTS and its implementation from both the engineering designer and the operator and service providers' point of view. It addresses the essential tasks involved in the UMTS network deployment in new regions and within existing 2G/2.5G networks.

Key features:

• Presents solutions for the integration and coexistence of 2G and 3G systems and highlights the seamless interoperability functions between GSM and UMTS.
• As part of the evolution towards All IP cellular networks, it outlines the IP Multimedia Subsystem - IMS and the packet optimized Radio Access Network, including High Speed Download Packet Access.
• Provides a complete picture of broadband wireless through UMTS, whilst describing applications enabler platforms and the criteria for 3G services that enhance the user experience.

By providing one integrated source in UMTS and its evolution, All IP in 3G CDMA Networks represents an invaluable resource for design engineers, operators and services providers. Likewise, Technical and Marketing Executives and Managers in wireless communications or related areas, and Business or Sales channels representatives, will benefit from this concise volume in 3G networks and services enablers. Academic programmes in Telecommunications and Information Technology segments at senior or postgraduate level, will also find valuable contributions in this book.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470853221
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	11/30/2004
Edition description:	Revised ed.
Pages:	536
Product dimensions:	6.82(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.56(d)

About the Author

Jonathan P. Castro is the author of All IP in 3G CDMA Networks: The UMTS Infrastructure and Service Platforms for Future Mobile Systems, published by Wiley.

Read an Excerpt

All IP in 3G CDMA Networks

The UMTS Infrastructure and Service Platforms for Future Mobile Systems

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By Jonathan P. Castro

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
All right reserved.
ISBN: 0-470-85322-0

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Chapter One

Evolving Mobile Networks

While the history of mobile communications is long, and the background of mobile networks thereby is also long, in this chapter we focus on the historic evolution in terms of network architecture and services starting with Second Generation (2G) mobile systems. In particular, we consider the development of the architecture of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), since it is by far the most widespread mobile system in the world today. This will provide the basis to cover the introduction of Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS) in relation to its Core Network (CN) and radio architectures. The latter will in turn serve as the platform to present UMTS radio-access technology, which is one of the aims of this book.

1.1 THE GROWTH OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Today wireless voice service is one of the most convenient and flexible means of modern communication. GSM technology has been at the leading edge of this wireless revolution. It is the technology of choice in over 120 countries and for more than 200 operators worldwide. Figure 1.1 illustrates how current estimates indicate that by theyear 2005 there will be around 1.4 billion wireless subscribers (i.e. wireless access network access - mobile telephone users), out of which more than 50% will depend on GSM technology and its evolution.

As the wireless revolution has been unfolding, the Internet has also shown a phenomenal growth simultaneously. The advent of the World Wide Web and web browsers has propelled TCP/IP protocols into the main stream, and the Internet is widespread not only in the corporate environment but also in households. Large number of consumers have embraced the Internet and use it today to access information online, for interactive business transactions and e-commerce as well as electronic mail.

The success of mobile communications, i.e. the ubiquitous presence it has established, and the emergence of the Internet point towards a tremendous opportunity to offer integrated services through a wireless network.

One of the main market segments for wireless services besides corporate intranet/Internet access is the consumer sector. The availability of intelligent terminals or multi-purpose wireless telephones is already ushering a new era of the information age, where subscribers can receive the following directly through GSM/GPRS: news, sport updates, stock quotes, etc. However, the progress of audio-visual techniques and the support for a web-like interface in a new generation of terminals will push consumers to a new era of multimedia communications with a focus on services rather than technology. Figure 1.2 illustrates the 3G subscriber growth, which will enhance and accelerate multimedia communications in the mobile arena.

1.2 ROADMAP TO BROADBAND WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA

Broadband Wireless Multimedia (BWM) has started long ago, however, only recently it has been in the main stream of the development within mobile networks. The ubiquitous presence of Radio Frequency (RF), network, terminal and software technology has motivated the expansion of wide-band wireless applications in the cellular network environment. As these technologies blend, the number of applicational possibilities grow higher and higher, and so does the system intricacy.

Thus, to a great extent the evolution and success of BWM depend on the efficient blending of technologies and making it available to users outside its design sophistication.

Today UMTS stands as the platform to make BWM a practical reality, it offers a framework with open standards, which harmonises the building blocks and assures consistency in its evolution. Contrary to what it may appear, it does not only offer an advanced radio interface, UMTS also incorporates all the building blocks to make BWM easy towards the user by masking the unavoidable complexity through a well-defined architectural structure. It comprises the contribution of all network domains and terminal technologies. It sets not only specifications for infrastructure elements but also the technical recommendations to implement services and applications, as well as network management.

This book starting with this first chapter aims to expand the key building blocks of UMTS and thereby offers a concise perception of its capabilities and characteristics to enable BWM through the next decade.

To support the growth of Internet-type services and future demands for wireless services, ETSI SMG, 3GPP and other standards bodies have completed or are now completing specifications to provide a transition platform or evolution path for wireless networks like GSM. Figure 1.3 illustrates the wireless data technology options, which could be summarised as follows:

14.4 kilo bits per second (kbps) allows GSM data calls with a rate of 14.4 kbps per time slot, resulting in a 50% higher data throughput compared to the current maximum speed of 9.6 kbps.

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) aggregates symmetrically or asymmetrically several circuit channels, e.g. 28.8 kbps for two time slots (2 + 2) or 43.2 kbps for three time slots (3 + 1).

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enables GSM with Internet access at high spectrum efficiency by sharing time slots between different users. It affords data rates of over 100 kbps to a single user while offering direct IP connectivity.

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) modifies the radio link modulation scheme from GMSK to 8QPSK, thereby increasing by three times the GSM throughput using the same bandwidth. EDGE in combination with GPRS (E-GPRS) will deliver single-user data rates of over 300 kbps.

UMTS as Third Generation T G (3G) wireless technology utilises a wide-band CDMA or TD/CDMA transceiver. Starting with channel bandwidths of 5 MHz it will offer data rates up to 2 Mbps. The introduction of UMTS with Release 1999 (R99) will use new spectrum and new radio network configurations while using the GSM core infrastructure.

Although the circuit-switched enhancements such as HSCSD has increased transmission rates, it is packet-switched enhancements which will meet the challenges or demands posed on current wireless networks. Thus, GPRS and UMTS with EDGE as an intermediate solution will provide the platform to support integrated services of voice and data including multimedia.

As seen in Figure 1.3, after the introduction of R99, where the main innovation took place in the radio side with the incorporation of WCDMA, subsequent releases of UMTS (e.g. R5, R6, etc.) will bring evolution in the core by adding 'All IP' features. Thus, by 2005 UMTS (CNs) will support real-time packet switching to enhance VoIP and streaming, for example. By this time, continuing innovation in the radio will also start expanding transmission rates up to 20 Mbps with High-Speed Packet Downlink Access (HSPDA) and intelligent or Adaptive Antennas (AA).

Figure 1.3 illustrates also the 2010s period, where UMTS will aim to offer end-to-end IP transport (i.e. RAN and core) plus new radio technologies and push transmission rates up by 100 Mbps. Therefore, it seems reasonable to think that UMTS and its seamless complementary access technologies (e.g. WLAN and Bluetooth) will serve as the BWM platform for future mobile network evolution.

While GPRS and UMTS meet the demands for Internet (IP) features and higher bandwidths in mobile networks, another evolution step is taking place in the network infrastructure. This is the convergence of single networks into a multi-purpose backbone network. The next section covers this step, which will also have an impact on the implementation of UMTS radio-access technology.

1.2.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks

Convergence, i.e. the closer inter-working between fixed and mobile telecommunications, although has long been a buzzword in the telecom market, is now coming into reality. As Ericsson puts it, fixed and mobile convergence includes everything from new services to the integration of nodes, networks and operating systems. The user may have, e.g. the same voice mailbox for fixed and mobile telephony, while the operator can also use the large sections of the network in a co-ordinated manner for different types of access. Thus, convergence is now a new frontier in communications, where UMTS will evolve.

Figure 1.4 illustrates how single service networks will evolve into multi-purpose networks with multi-level access points. With IP becoming more pervasive in the backbone, the challenge of integrating voice and data services in the fixed and mobile environments become more formidable.

It boils down to the transformation of the telecom, computer and media industry, resulting into the converged industry as illustrated in Table 1.1.

Clearly then, UMTS will be part of the convergent industry with a trend towards multi-services within integrated infrastructures.

1.2.2 The Next Decade of UMTS

Predominant standards will drive the evolution of mobile networks in the context of convergence and growth of the wireless Internet. For example, Figure 1.5 shows technology trends, in which GSM and WCDMA will set the path for expansion into fully BWM systems. The global evolution will result into one seamless network, where GSM radio operating at 800, 900, 1800 or 1900 MHz spectrum with nationwide coverage will share CN, transport, sites, terminals and network management with WCDMA radio operating at 2 GHz frequency with urban and sub-urban coverage at the beginning.

Thus, an extension of coverage and service beyond 2005 will to a great degree follow the UMTS path, using WCDMA and its enhancements as the radio-access technology. On the other hand, EDGE or other technologies will still serve as an alternative for expansion, as it is happening in the US with some operators.

However, in terms of throughput and broadband capabilities, WCDMA offers more. Figures 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate a reference comparison of packet performance, where WCDMA supports more users and higher throughput than concurrent access techniques, e.g. CDMA2000 and EDGE. The latter utilises existing 200 kHz GSM spectrum carrier as a direct evolution in the air-interface side, while CDMA2000 uses 1.25 MHz carrier also as direct radio evolution of IS-95.

UMTS works with new and existing spectrum using a 5 MHz carrier built on GSM core network. Therefore, there will be coverage with seamless handover between WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks even if UMTS starts covering primarily urban areas at its introduction.

UMTS, taking advantage in most countries from GSM covering nationwide with either 800, 900, 1800 or 1900 MHz, one core GSM/UMTS (utilising one transport, sharing as many sites as possible, exploiting GSM/UMTS multi-mode terminals) and one network management system, stands as the seamless global network of the future.

Figure 1.7 illustrates how as a whole, WCDMA radio in UMTS offers the capabilities to expand in terms of throughput and co-exists with evolving network technologies. WCDMA offers more traffic per radio carrier, thereby higher capacity and lower cost per user. For example, within 200 kHz GSM carrier, we can support 8 voice users, while with 5 MHz WCDMA carrier we go up to 76 voice users.

Furthermore, as seen in Figure 1.7 projections indicate that later releases of UMTS will support more users than CDMA2000 and EDGE with higher QoS and throughput. Although such comparisons are relative and depend on assumptions selected as well as the measurement criteria, the potential of WCDMA is there due to its larger bandwidth.

Finally, the optimisation potential of UMTS through capacity enhancing techniques are yet to appear in the field. Hence, it remains to exploit improvements in:

basic system algorithms, e.g. reduce operating [E.sub.o]/[N.sub.o] in the baseband,

radio network, e.g. optimise admission and congestion control,

power management, e.g. self-optimised power control for more efficient SHO,

transmission diversity improvements in the downlink,

hierarchical cell structure to maximise service options,

adaptive antennas, beam-forming methods, optimised modulation, etc.

1.3 UMTS PERFORMANCE ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES

Information and material science technology as well as design and manufacturing techniques continue advancing with positive impacts on telecommunications, and thereby also in UMTS. Hence, in the following we will aim to gather key applications, which will increase the overall performance of UMTS, e.g. as noted above. Since the scope for progress can be large, this section will only summarise main solutions and outputs but not necessarily cover in depth all aspects studied already or under study in related technical literature. The main areas of interest include means to increase capacity, efficient transport and spectrum efficiency. While the options to achieve these objectives may vary from contribution to contribution, here we will attempt to pick up the main stream, which is somehow also supported by the standard bodies.

1.3.1 Drivers To Rise Output

The first set of key drivers to maximise output and performance from current and forthcoming mobile infrastructure solutions include the following:

Spectrum availability and cost-limited frequency ranges for UMTS coupled with speculation for high profits has made ownership extremely expensive and now it must be exploited by all means.

Mixed-media wireless data applications will require essentially more bandwidth to enrich and motivate mobile users. After all, UMTS is meant to enhance consumer experience at all levels and make wireless multimedia ubiquitous.

Packing more bits within an allocated frequency implies improving spectral efficiency, which in turn allows more users to be served at larger rates. This provides a vital means for cost reduction.

Maximum coverage besides broadband transmission, i.e. high rate services, has also become an important concern to augment and speed up 'Return of Investments' (ROI).

Before we list the different technologies maturing to provide a great opportunity to achieve substantial increases in spectral efficiency, coverage and overall system cost reduction, we shall bring the criteria to apply these into commercial solutions.

1.3.2 Applying New Technologies in Evolving UMTS Networks

Above all, technologies are to facilitate and make easier the provision of new services and not make it more complex, needless to say more costly. Thus, we have to see how services will flow in the infrastructure:

Broadband data services will be asymmetric. Thus, the downlink will represent greater challenge assuming that traffic volumes will be higher downwards at first.

Packet data, as the new main stream traffic, will require adaptive modulation and coding to maximise throughput in order to maintain flexibility and high performance.

Continues...

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Table of Contents

Preface xvii

Abbreviations xxi

1. Evolving Mobile Networks 1

1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications 1

1.2 Roadmap to Broadband Wireless Multimedia 3

1.3 UMTS Performance Enhancing Technologies 8

1.4 UMTS Network Requirements 15

1.5 Conclusions 21

References 21

2. System Analysis Fundamentals 23

2.1 Fundamentals of System Analysis 23

2.2 The 3G Communications Environment 35

2.3 Concluding Remarks 50

References 50

3. UMTS Service Components 53

3.1 The Service Creation Environment 53

3.2 The UMTS Bearer Architecture 63

3.3 QoS Attributes in UMTS Bearer Services 68

3.4 UMTS Quality of Service Classes and Attributes 71

3.5 Mapping QoS Attributes 78

3.6 End-to-End QoS 79

3.7 QoS within Inter-Working Scenarios 88

3.8 Applications and Service Offerings 95

3.9 Conclusions 107

References 107

4. The UTRA Physical Layer Design 109

4.1 Summary of Features 109

4.2 Dedicated and Common Transport Channels 112

4.3 Configuration of FDD Physical Channels 113

4.4 Configuration of TDD Physical Channels 174

4.5 Spreading and Modulation in TDD 183

4.6 Multiplexing and Channel Coding 188

References 211

Appendix A: DPDCH and DPCCH Fields 212

Appendix B: Bit Patterns Compressed Mode and Npilot ¼ 4 214

5. The UMTS Development Platform 215

5.1 Architecture and Deployment Scenarios 215

5.2 The Core Network Domain 218

5.3 The UMTS Network Configuration Beyond R99 224

5.4 The Access Network Domain 236

5.5 UTRAN Identifiers and Functions 237

5.6 Mobility Management 243

5.7 UTRAN Synchronisation and O&M Requirements 244

5.8 UTRAN Interfaces 246

5.9 Inter-working of UTRAN Interfaces 249

5.10 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 261

References 271

Appendix A: UMTS Functional Domains 273

6. IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 277

6.1 Background 277

6.2 Framework for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem 280

6.3 IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Configuration 281

6.4 Mobility Management 305

6.5 Multimedia Signalling 310

6.6 IMS Procedures and Session Flows 312

6.7 IMS Transport Issues 340

6.8 Deploying IMS Solutions 357

6.9 Conclusions 363

References 364

7. Deploying 3G Networks 367

7.1 Background 367

7.2 Network Dimensioning Principles 367

7.3 Parameters for Multi-service Traffic 369

7.4 Establishing Service Models 372

7.5 Projecting Capacity Needs 373

7.6 Cellular Coverage Planning Issues 373

7.7 Dimensioning RNC Interfaces 389

7.8 Radio Network Dimensioning Field Study 392

7.9 Core Network (CN) Design 400

7.10 Transmission Network Assessment 406

7.11 Co-Locating and Sharing Sites 414

7.12 Co-locating Antenna Systems 417

7.13 Conclusions 420

References 420

8. High Speed Downlink Packet Access 421

8.1 Background 421

8.2 HSDPA and Radio-Access Network Architecture 426

8.3 Structure of the HSDPA Physical Layer 427

8.4 Coding in the HS-DSCH Channel 428

8.5 Associated Signalling for HSDPA 431

8.6 HSDPA Technology Evaluation and EU Features 438

8.7 Terminal Receiver Aspects 453

8.8 Conclusions 459

References 460

9. The UTRA Transmission System 463

9.1 UMTS Spectrum Allocation 463

9.2 Radio Transmission and Reception Aspects 463

9.3 Transmitter Characteristics 465

9.4 Receiver Characteristics 477

9.5 UTRA RF Performance Examples 481

9.6 Conclusions 501

References 501

10. 3G Services Enablers 503

10.1 Introduction 503

10.2 Content Distribution Platforms 505

10.3 Facilitating Real Time IP Services 519

10.4 Enabling Location Communication Services (LCS) 522

10.5 VHE/OSA 536

10.6 Conclusions 540

References 541

11. Resource and Network Management 543

11.1 Introduction 543

11.2 Radio Resource Management and Signalling 543

11.3 Network Management 547

11.4 UMTS Network Optimisation 552

References 556

12. Complementary UMTS Technologies 559

12.1 WLANs and 3G Networks 559

12.2 WLAN Deployment Scenarios 561

12.3 Train WLANs and Other Deployment Scenarios 562

12.4 Description of MO-WLAN Building Blocks 567

12.5 Security and Authentication 568

12.6 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 569

12.7 All IP Radio-Access Network Characteristics 575

12.8 WiMAX – Enhancing Broadband Hotspots 577

12.9 Conclusions 579

References 579

Index 581