Table of Contents
Contents
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Phonology
Chapter 3: Nouns and noun phrases
3.1 Definition
3.2 Word formation
3.2.1 Affixation
3.2.2 Reduplication
3.2.3 Compounding
3.3 Number
3.3.1 =mɤ
3.3.2 =liɛ
3.4 Case relations
3.4.1 Dative-accusative =xa/=a
3.4.2 Comitative-instrumental =laÞ
3.4.3 Ablative =tha
3.4.4 Locative =li and =xɑÞ
3.4.5 Genitive =tɤ
3.4.6 Comparative khaÞ
3.5 Referentiality
3.5.1 Generic
3.5.2 Individual
Chapter 4: Verbs and verb phrases
4.1 Definition
4.2 Aspect
4.2.1 Perfective
4.2.2 Future
4.2.3 Ingressive
4.2.4 Progressive
4.2.5 Resultative
4.2.6 Experiential
4.2.7 The expression of tense
4.3 Modality
4.3.1 Dynamic modality
4.3.2 Epistemic modality
4.3.3 Deontic modality
4.3.4 Evidentiality
4.3.5 Negation
4.4 Serial verb construction
4.5 Verb-complement constructions
4.5.1 Verb-direction constructions
4.5.2 Verb-result construction
4.5.3 Verb-degree construction
4.6 Valance changing
4.7 Possession and Existence
Chapter 5: Adjectives and adverbs
5.1 Adjectives
5.1.1 Identify adjectives and verbs
5.1.2 Adjectives as modifiers
5.1.3 Adjectives as predicates
5.2 Adverbs
5.2.1 Position
5.2.2 Some common adverbs
5.2.3 Reduplication
Chapter 6: Minor word classes
6.1 Pronoun
6.1.1 First person
6.1.2 Second person
6.1.3 Third person
6.1.4 Reflexive
6.1.5 Locutor-referential
6.2 Demonstratives
6.2.1 The system
6.2.2 Animate and inanimate referents
6.2.3 Location referents
6.2.4 Manner and degree
6.3 Interrogative words
6.3.1 tuɤ-words
6.3.2 a- words
6.3.3 -mɤ words
6.3.4 Others
6.4 Numerals
6.4.1 Cardinal and ordinal numerals
6.4.2 Fractional numerals
6.5 Classifiers
6.5.1 Nominal classifiers
6.5.2 Verbal classifiers
6.5.3 The position of Num+CL and noun
6.6 Final particles
6.6.1 ti
6.6.2 pa
6.6.3 li
6.6.4 xuɑÞ
6.6.5 kɤ
6.6.6 ta
6.6.7 ia
6.6.8 mɤ
6.6.9 pɨ
6.6.10 sa
6.6.11 Summary
6.7 Adpositions
6.7.1 Prepositions
6.7.2 Postpositions
6.8 Coordinators
6.8.1 Conjunctive coordinator
6.8.2 Disjunctive coordinators
Chapter 7: Clause structure
7.1 Word order
7.2 Ditransitive construction
7.3 Copula clause
7.4 Comparative clause
7.4.1 Comparative construction
7.4.2 Comparative construction of equality
7.4.3 Superlative construction
7.5 Imperative clause
7.5.1 The form of imperative clauses
7.5.2 The negation of imperative clause
7.6 Interrogative clause
7.6.1 Yes-no question
7.6.2 Wh-question
7.6.3 Alternative question
7.6.4 Tag question
7.7 Subordinate clause
7.7.1 Relative clause
7.7.2 Complement clause
7.7.3 Adverbial clause
7.8 Topic structure
References
Appendix
I. Narrative: The past life in Zhoutun
II. List of abbreviations
