Youth Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook

by David E. Newton

Overview

Humans have been using natural and synthetic chemicals for at least two millennia—primarily for the purpose of treating medical problems, but also for recreational purposes. The 2014 Monitoring the Future survey of eighth, tenth, and twelfth grade students indicates a general decline in the use of illicit drugs over the last two decades. On the other hand, perceptions among youth that certain types of drug use—like marijuana and e-cigarettes—are harmless are growing. Youth Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook provides an overview of the history and development of youth substance abuse along with a discussion of the medical, social, psychological, legal, and economic issues associated with youth substance abuse both in the United States and other parts of the world.

The book begins with a comprehensive introduction to the subject of youth substance abuse that explains how modern societies have reached the point where abuse of both legal and illegal substances is a major health issue in many nations. Readers will learn about the effects of substances such as cocaine, marijuana, and heroin as well as substances that are typically legal but have deleterious health, social, or psychological effects, such as tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, and electronic cigarettes. Subsequent chapters address how and why youth substance abuse has become a problem in the United States and other countries, the demographics of this widespread problem, the direct and indirect effects of youth substance abuse and addiction, and the range of services and methods that are available for treating substance abuse.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781440839832
Publisher:	ABC-CLIO, Incorporated
Publication date:	07/18/2016
Series:	Contemporary World Issues
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	350
File size:	7 MB

About the Author

David E. Newton, EdD, has been a freelance writer of nonfiction books and ancillary materials for young adults for nearly 55 years.

Table of Contents

Preface xv

1 Background and History 3

What Is Substance Abuse? 4

Teenage Substance Abuse in History 10

Substance Use and Abuse in History 11

Alcoholic Beverages 11

Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World 12

Risks of Drinking Alcohol 14

Restrictions on Drinking Alcohol 15

"Hard" Liquor 17

Demographics of Alcohol Consumption 17

Psychoactive Drugs in the Ancient World 19

Tobacco Use in the Modern World 22

Other Psychoactive Drugs in History 26

Some Important Terms 26

Uses of Psychoactive Drugs 28

Psychoactive Plants in Antiquity 29

Cocaine 30

Opium 34

Marijuana 43

Summary and Conclusion 47

References 48

2 Problems, Issues, and Solutions 63

Alcohol 69

What Are the Effects of Ethanol on the Human Body? 69

Causes of Alcohol Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction 71

Treatment 72

Prevention 73

Tobacco 75

What Are the Effects of Tobacco on the Human Body? 76

Causes of Tobacco Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction 77

Treatment 78

Prevention 79

Electronic Cigarettes 79

Illicit Drugs 80

Stimulants 81

What Are the Effects of Stimulants on the Human Body? 81

Substance Addiction as a Brain Disease 83

Signs and Symptoms of Stimulant Abuse 85

Depressants 86

What Are the Effects of Depressants on the Human Body? 88

Signs and Symptoms of Depressant Abuse 89

Hallucinogens 90

What Are the Effects of Hallucinogens on the Human Body? 92

Signs and Symptoms of Hallucinogen Abuse 93

Licit Drugs 94

Prescription Drugs of Abuse 95

How Do Users Get Access to Prescription Drugs? 97

Causes of Teenage Substance Abuse 99

Causes of Substance Abuse 99

Being an Adolescent 100

Family Influences 100

Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse 100

Neglect 101

Peer Pressure 101

Individual Traits 102

Treatment 102

Prevention 106

Conclusion 113

References 114

3 Perspectives 129

Introduction 129

All Are Welcome to Changer Billy Beaton 129

Technology and Nature Enable Ethanol Abuse: Joel Grossman 135

E-Cigarette Vapor versus Cigarette Smoke: Is Vapor Really Safer?: Amber Henning 139

The Use of Neurofeedback in Treating Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents: Wanda K. Holloway 143

The Demographics of Heroin Abuse Have Shifted Dramatically: Ashley Rekem 148

The Etiology of Intravenous Heroin Use in Adolescent Girls: Clariza Saint George 151

Enhancing Motivation for Therapy: The Importance of the Therapeutic Relationship: Nicole Sciarrino 154

The Myth of the Drug-Habit: Defining Addiction as a Disease: Bryan F. Singer 158

Substance Abuse and Transgender Youth: Michael Vallario 163

4 Profiles 169

Richard Alpert (Ram Dass: 1931-) 169

American Society of Addiction Medicine 170

Harry J. Anslinger (1892-1975) 172

Bill W. (1895-1971) 174

Hale Boggs (1914-1972/1973) 175

Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America 176

Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) 179

Drug Free America Foundation Inc. 180

Drug Policy Alliance 183

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 185

Francis B. Harrison (1873-1957) 188

Albert Hofmann (1906-2008) 189

Hon Lik (1951-) 190

Lloyd D. Johnston (1940-) 192

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc. 194

National Institute on Drug Abuse 195

Albert Niemann (1834-1861) 198

Office of Adolescent Health 199

Office of National Drug Control Policy 199

Quanah Parker (ca. 1845-1911) 202

Nancy Reagan (1921-2016) 204

Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1841) 205

Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (1925-2014) 206

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 208

Luther L. Terry (1911-1985) 211

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 213

U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 216

R. Gordon Wasson (1898-1986) 220

Hamilton Wright (1867-1917) 221

5 Data and Documents 225

Introduction 225

Data 225

Table 5.1 Alcohol Involvement among Young Drivers (Age 15 to 20) Involved in Fatal Crashes, by Year and Driver Status 2003 and 2012 225

Table 5.2 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 10, and 12 (percentage of respondents) 226

Table 5.3 Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 10, and 12 Combined (percentage) 228

Table 5.4 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 10, and 12 Combined (percentage) 230

Table 5.5 Trends in Use of Certain Specific Drugs, Grades 8, 10, and 12 (percentage) 232

Table 5.6 Percentage of High School Students Who Ever Took Steroids and Who Ever Took Prescription Drugs, by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Grade 233

Table 5.7 Trends in Disapproval of Substance Use (percentage) 234

Documents 235

Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1919) 235

Twenty-First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1933) 236

Controlled Substances Act (1970) 236

Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 242

Vernonia v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995) 244

Ecstasy Ami-Proliferation Act of 2000 246

Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 249

Morse, et al. v. Frederick (2007) 253

Sottera, Inc. v. Food and Drug Administration (No. 10-5032; 627 F.3d 891) (2010) 256

House Bill No. 682 (The General Assembly of Pennsylvania) (2015) 259

6 Annotated Bibliography 263

7 Chronology 305

Glossary 319

Index 325

About the Author 349