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Overview
Women are participating in sports in record numbers, and thanks in part to Title IX and a growing interest in women's sports, they're breaking records and achieving remarkable success in sports in every conceivable manner. However, women still struggle for equitable treatment in a variety of sports and face different obstacles than do their male counterparts. How can these issues be solved? Are women in sports being treated fairly?
This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible overview of the state of women's participation in sports by referencing both current events and research. Additionally, it offers a breadth of information pertaining to work in sports made available to girls and women. Key aspects include a detailed history of women in sports since 1900 as well as a discussion of current issues surrounding their participation in high school and college athletics, recreational sports, physical activity, and leadership in sports organizations. In particular, the material not only recounts history and analyzes issues but also presents perspectives as to how and why sports continue to be simultaneously a means of empowerment and a conduit for the marginalization of girls and women.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781440853692 |
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Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
Publication date: | 03/22/2018 |
Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
Pages: | 344 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.81(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Background and History 1
Introduction 1
Brief Overview of the Early History of Women in Sport 2
Sport on the Rise 2
Flapper Era 3
Inclusion in the Modern Olympic Games 5
Women's Bodies, Health, and Movement 7
Early Organization of Women's Sports 11
Differences among Women's Sport Experiences 15
Early History of Women's Sportswear 20
Development and Importance of Title IX 26
Title IX and the Changing of Women's Collegiate Sport Leadership: 1960 to 1982 30
Endurance, Adventure, and Notable Symbolic Moments for Women in Sport 34
Pedestriennes: The Forgotten Women of Endurance 34
Outdoor Adventure and Extreme Sports: Pioneers and Access 37
High-Profile Symbolic Moments 40
References 41
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 47
Introduction 47
Gender Equality in Sports and Why It Matters 48
Sex-Segregated Sport and Inclusion Initiatives 50
Benefits and Risks of Sport Participation for Girls and Women 57
Black Female Athletes' Experiences, Marginalization, and Moving Forward 62
Homophobia, Lesbian Athletes, and Creating Inclusive Sport 66
Women in Sport Media 72
The Quantity and Quality of Female Athlete Media 72
Main(Male)Stream Sport Media 77
Social Media and Raising Awareness for Change in Media Representations 78
Professional Female Athletes: Paths toward Equal (Better) 81
Venus Williams Levels the Grand Slam Playing Field 83
U.S. Women's Soccer Leverages Legal Courts and Solidarity in Public Opinion 85
U.S. Women's Hockey Goes on Strike with Clear Goals for Equality 87
Women's Struggle to Attain Leadership Positions in Sport 89
Constraints and Possibilities of Feminine Beauty and Joy in Sport 95
Shifting Beliefs about Women's Physical and Mental Strengths 99
References 103
3 Perspectives 113
Introduction 113
Compensation of Student-Athletes Threatens Women's Collegiate Sports Altogether Kelli Rodriguez Currie 114
A Shift in Perspective: Inspiring a New Generation of Female Coaches Sara L. Lopez Julie McCleery Hannah O. Olson 118
Wearable Technology Helps to Inform and Improve Female Collegiate Soccer Players' Performance on the Field and Body Image off the Field Allison C. Tenney 123
Navigating the Female (Athlete) Body Knowledge Gap Anna Terry 127
Sport Empowerment Programs for Girls Erin Karner 132
"You Got This": Making My Way on the Confidence Journey Séu Jacobi 137
Breaking the Gender Binary in Sport: Female-to-Male Recreational Athlete Riley McCormack 140
Gender Equality in Sport: (Un)Awareness, Education, and Resolve Annie Sittauer Sarah Tani 145
4 Profiles 153
Introduction 153
Association for Women in Sports Media 153
Clare Balding (1971-) 156
Camber Outdoors 158
Anita DeFrantz (1952-) 161
Tony DiCicco (1948-2017) 163
Althea Gibson (1927-2003) 165
Pat Griffin (1963-) 167
Nikki Kimball (1971-) 169
Billie Jean King (1943-) 171
Donna Lopiano (1946-) 173
Kim Ng (1968-) 177
Wilma Rudolf (1940-1994) 179
Barbara Slater (1959-) 182
Ellen Staurowsky (Birthdate Unknown-) 184
Tucker Center for Research on Girls and Women in Sport 186
Donna de Varona (1947-) 189
Venus Williams (1980-) 193
Women in Sport (United Kingdom) 196
Women in Sports and Events 198
Women Leaders in College Sports 199
Women's Sports Foundation 201
Babe Didrickson Zaharias (1911-1956) 205
5 Data and Documents 211
Introduction 211
Data 211
Table 5.1 Participation Numbers of High School Athletes by Gender 211
Table 5.2 Collegiate Sports Offered in NCAA Schools 212
Table 5.3 Percentage of Women's Varsity Teams in Intercollegiate Athletics for the Academic Year 2013-2014 213
Table 5.4 Top 10 Coaching Behaviors Desired by Collegiate Female Athletes 214
Table 5.5 Women's Participation in the Olympiad and Summer Olympic Games 216
Table 5.6 Women's Participation in the Winter Olympic Games 218
Table 5.7 Selected List of Professional Women's Sports and Most Common Methods of Compensation 219
Figure 5.1 Relative Percentages of Female Participation in Team Sports, Outdoor Sports, and Indoor Activities for 2016 219
Figure 5.2 Comparison of Female and Male Outdoor Activity Participation Percentages for 2016 222
Table 5.8 Percentages of Women in Leadership Positions in NCAA Schools 222
Table 5.9 Summary of Efforts toward Gender Equality in Professional Sport Leadership 225
Figure 5.3 Mainstream Media Coverage of Women's Sports 226
Documents 228
Title IX of the Education Amendments (1972) 228
Intercollegiate Athletics Policy: Three-Part Test (1973) 230
Brighton Plus Helsinki Declaration on Women and Sport (2014) 232
Los Angeles Declaration (2012) 235
NCAA Gender Equity Planning: Best Practices (2016) 237
NCAA Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes (2011) 239
Los Angeles Policy Transgender Students-Ensuring Equity and Nondiscrimination BUL-6224.0 (2014) 240
Sport for Success: The Socio-Economic Benefits of Women Playing Sport (2014) 243
6 Resources 249
Books 249
Articles 260
Reports 272
Internet 273
7 Chronology 287
Glossary 299
Index 305
About the Author 323