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Overview
Women have been excluded from combat roles for most of American history. During conflicts such as the American Civil War, a few women enlisted as men; in some cases, their identities as women were not discovered until after their deaths. Today, the nontraditional battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan have no clearly defined front lines, and many female soldiers have found themselves face-to-face with the enemy. Yet despite the realities of modern warfare, the subject of women serving in combat roles remains highly controversial.
Women in Combat: A Reference Handbook examines the historical background, current dilemmas, and global context of this contentious issue. The author explores both sides of the argument, presenting information from leading sources and gleaned from personal interviews. Statistical data, primary source documents, a directory of organizations, and print and electronic resources offer additional insight.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781598844597 |
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Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
Publication date: | 01/19/2011 |
Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
Pages: | 319 |
Product dimensions: | 6.10(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d) |
Age Range: | 15 - 18 Years |
About the Author
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures xi
Preface xiii
1 Background and History 1
The Link between the History of the Definition of Combat and the Controversy 2
Legal Definition of Combat 4
The Status of Women Is Affected by Policy 4
Evolution of the Law 5
Legal Definition of Direct Ground Combat through Policy 7
The Role and Influence of Congress 15
History, Combat, and Culture 18
History and Women in Combat 19
United States History 19
Change 25
References 28
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 33
Problems 33
Policy 33
Issues That Present Challenges to Women 35
Controversies Surrounding Women in Combat and in the Military 56
Women in Direct Ground Combat 57
Physical Abilities 58
Exposure to Danger 62
Women's Effect on Unit Cohesion 62
Women's Effect on Readiness 65
The Issue of Equality 66
The Issue of Motherhood 66
Women in Combat and Societal Expectations 69
Religious Conviction and Women in Combat 70
Solutions 72
Facsimile to Reinstating the Risk Rule 72
All-Female Platoons 72
Eliminate Policy Prohibitions and Establish Gender-Neutral Performance-Based Requirements 73
References 73
3 Worldwide Perspective 83
Women as Combatants in State-Based Military 84
International Framework 84
Incidence 85
Examples of Military Roles in Some Countries 90
Progress toward Gender Equality in Women in Combat Roles 100
Selected Countries Allowing Women in Occupations Flying Aircraft or Aboard Combat Ships 101
Women as Combatants in Nonstate-Based Revolutionary and Guerilla Military 103
Afghanistan and the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan 105
Female Suicide Bombers 107
References 112
4 Chronology 119
5 Biographical Sketches 147
Specialist Veronica Alfaro, U.S. Army p147
Colonel Ruby Bradley, U.S. Army 148
Specialist Monica L. Brown, U.S. Army 149
Major Kim Campbell, U.S. Air Force 150
Colonel Eileen M. Collins, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) and Former NASA Astronaut 151
Brigadier General Rhonda Cornum, Ph.D., M.D., U.S. Army 152
Lieutenant Mary (Missy) L. Cummings, U.S. Navy 153
Elaine Donnelly 154
Major L. Tammy Duckworth, U.S. Army 155
General Ann E. Dunwoody, U.S. Army 156
Sergeant Theresa Lynn Flannery, U.S. Army 157
Captain Dawn Halfaker, U.S. Army (Ret.) 158
Colonel Kelly Hamilton, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) 159
Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester, U.S. Army 159
Major General Jeanne M. Holm, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) 160
Captain Kathleen Christine Horner, U.S. Marine Corps 162
Rear Admiral Michelle Howard, U.S. Navy 162
Lieutenant Kara Hultgreen, U.S. Navy 163
Specialist Shoshana Johnson, U.S. Army (Ret.) 165
First Lieutenant Cheryl Lamoureux, U.S. Air Force 166
Dr. Peter A. Lillback, President, Westminster Theological Seminary 166
Captain Rosemary Bryant Mariner, U.S. Navy (Ret.) 167
Sergeant April Pashley, U.S. Army Reserves 168
Major Lillian Pfluke, U.S. Army (Ret.) 169
Private Lori Piestewa, U.S. Army 170
Command Sergeant Major Cynthia A. Pritchett, U.S. Army 171
Phyllis Schlafly 172
Corporal Ramona M. Valdez, U.S. Marine Corps 173
Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, USAF (Ret.) 174
Lieutenant (Lt.) Kendra Williams, U.S. Navy 176
Captain Elizabeth (Betsy) G. Wylie, U.S. Navy (Ret.) 176
6 Data and Documents 179
Data Overview of the Women in the Military 179
Documents and Testimony Overview 207
Combat Exclusion Law, Air Force, Title 10 Armed Forces (USC), Subt. C, § 8549 (1976)-Repealed 1991 207
Combat Exclusion Law, Navy and Marine Corps, Title 10 Armed Forces (USC), Subt. C, § 6015 (1956)-Repealed: 1993 207
The Secretary of the Army, U.S. Code. Title 10 Subtitle B, Part I § 3013(g) 208
Army Direct Combat Probability Coding (DCPC) System, 1992 209
Army Policy for the Assignment of Female Soldiers, 1992 (Major Relevant Parts) 210
DoD Assignment Policy, 2010: Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule 1994 (Rescinding 1988 Risk Rule) 212
Soldier's Creed 214
U.S. Constitution, Articles I-The Legislative Branch and Article II-The Executive Branch (Article I, Section 8 to Article II, Section 2) 215
Excerpt from Elaine Donnelly's Congressional Testimony, 1993 219
Profile of a Soldier 220
Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces: Federal Law Pub. L. 103-160 (10 U.S.C. § 654).U.S. House Repealed May 27, 2010 to Take Effect December 1, 2010 221
7 Directory of Organizations 225
Government Organizations 225
NGOs (Nongovernmental Organizations) 233
8 Resources 255
Print Resources 255
Books 255
Articles, Journals, and Journal Articles 269
Hearings and Reports 277
Legal Cases 285
Papers, Proceedings, and Memoranda 290
Theses and Dissertations 291
Nonprint Resources 293
Bibliographies 293
Databases 295
DVDS/Videotapes 297
Films/Multimedia 298
Internet Sites 300
Glossary 307
Index 311