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Women at Work: An Economic Perspective
Women at Work: An Economic Perspective
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Overview
Covering employment and wage gender gaps, participation of women, fertility, and the welfare of children, this insightful volume discusses how the trend towards greater participation of women in labour markets interacts with gender differences in pay. It focusses on the scope for increasing the number of women in the labour force without negatively affecting the development of their children. The need for this volume has become self evident. At the Spring 2000 Lisbon meeting of the European Council the Heads of Governments of the EU agreed to accelerate the greater participation of women in the labour market. However, neither in Lisbon nor in the subsequent Spring European Councils of the EU was it discussed how to achieve this target - and the trade-offs that would be involved in increasing the participation of women in paid employment. Policies for increasing participation must involve some losers, or they would already have been implemented everywhere. If distributional considerations and policy trade-offs are ignored, it is only possible to set virtual targets, neglecting the reforms needed to achieve them. This book sets out a better informed policy debate about these issues, paving the way to more realistic targets and ways to achieve them.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780191535994 |
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Publisher: | OUP Oxford |
Publication date: | 06/02/2005 |
Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
Format: | eBook |
File size: | 4 MB |
About the Author
Tito Boeri is Professor of Economics at Bocconi University, Milan and Director of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti. He is research fellow of CEPR (Centre for Economic Policy Research) and of the Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan. Tito Boeri obtained a Ph.D. in Economics from New York University and was senior economist at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 1987 to 1996. Daniela Del Boca is Professor of Economics at the University of Turin and is Director of the newly established Center for Household Income, Labour and Demographic economics (CHILD). She has previously been President of the European Society of Population Economists, Professor at the Politechnic of Milan, Visiting Fellow at the University of Wisconsin, and Visiting Professor at New York University and Johns Hopkins. Christopher Pissarides is Professor of Economics at London School of Economics. He has held visiting positions at Yale University, UCLA, University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University. Christopher is currently a specialist adviser to House of Commons Treasury Committee, a member of the Cyprus Monetary Policy Committee and Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research and IZA.
Table of Contents
List of Figures | x | |
List of Tables | xii | |
List of Contributors | xiv | |
Introduction. More Women at Work in Europe | 1 | |
Part I | Women in the Labor Force: How Well is Europe Doing? | 7 |
1 | Introduction | 9 |
2 | Women's Employment Patterns: Some Facts | 12 |
2.1 | Women's role in overall employment growth | 19 |
3 | Explanations behind Women's Employment Patterns | 25 |
3.1 | The rise of female employment: a brief review of explanations | 25 |
3.2 | Explaining cross-country differences | 30 |
4 | Job Segregation | 39 |
4.1 | The data | 41 |
4.2 | Who holds atypical jobs? | 44 |
4.3 | Preferences for atypical jobs | 54 |
4.4 | Wages in atypical jobs | 58 |
4.5 | Conclusions | 63 |
5 | Wage Gaps | 65 |
5.1 | The evolution of the gender wage gap in the US | 66 |
5.2 | Cross-country evidence on the gender wage gap | 67 |
5.3 | Explaining the cross-country evidence on the gender wage gap | 72 |
5.4 | The importance of sample selection | 75 |
5.5 | Cross-country institutional differences and the gender wage gap | 77 |
5.6 | Conclusions | 82 |
6 | Rising Female Participation: The Consequences for Other Workers | 83 |
6.1 | What do we know? | 83 |
6.2 | Measuring experience in the labor market | 86 |
6.3 | Measuring crowding-out in the youth labor market | 91 |
6.4 | Conclusions | 95 |
7 | What Policy Should Do | 96 |
Comments | 105 | |
References | 115 | |
Part II | Women's Participation in the Labor Market and Fertility: The Effects of Social Policies | 121 |
Introduction | 123 | |
8 | Labor Supply and Fertility in Europe and the US | 125 |
8.1 | Fertility and labor supply: their relationship | 125 |
8.2 | Temporal patterns and cross-country differences | 127 |
8.3 | The characteristics of the labor market | 131 |
8.4 | From maternity to parental leave | 135 |
8.5 | Childcare systems | 138 |
8.6 | Child benefits | 141 |
8.7 | Family patterns and family structure | 142 |
8.8 | Comparing the effects of social policies | 142 |
8.9 | Participation and fertility decisions: empirical results from ECHP | 148 |
8.10 | Conclusions | 150 |
Appendix 8.A151 | ||
Appendix 8.B153 | ||
9 | Parental Employment and Children's Welfare | 154 |
9.1 | Parental employment and children's wellbeing: relationship concerns | 154 |
9.2 | The impact of parental employment on children's wellbeing: measuring and evaluating the effects | 159 |
9.3 | A selective review of results | 163 |
9.3.1 | Cognitive development and early childhood outcomes | 163 |
9.3.2 | Educational attainment | 174 |
9.3.3 | Other outcomes | 176 |
9.3.4 | Summary of results and discussion | 178 |
9.4 | The importance of other family processes and decisions during childhood | 185 |
9.4.1 | Family income | 186 |
9.4.2 | Parental joblessness and financial difficulty | 188 |
9.4.3 | Parental education | 189 |
9.4.4 | Lone parenthood | 190 |
9.5 | Conclusions | 192 |
10 | Changes in Labor Market Participation and Family Income Distribution | 194 |
10.1 | How do women's and men's work affect income distribution? | 194 |
10.2 | Dual-earner and single-earner households | 197 |
10.3 | Inequality in women's and men's earnings distribution | 200 |
10.4 | Intra-household income distribution | 202 |
10.5 | Conclusions | 204 |
11 | Taxes, Transfers, Labor Supply and Household Welfare | 205 |
11.1 | Motivations for studying labor supply and taxation | 205 |
11.2 | Some evidence in Europe and the US | 207 |
11.3 | Fiscal and social policies: modeling the behavioral responses | 209 |
11.4 | Measuring social welfare: efficiency and equality | 212 |
11.5 | Thinking about tax system reforms: an exercise for Italy | 213 |
11.5.1 | Comparing three reform proposals | 215 |
11.5.2 | Looking for the best | 225 |
11.5.3 | The reforms and female participation and fertility | 227 |
Appendix 11.A | Modeling household labor supply | 229 |
Appendix 11.B | ||
Social welfare functions | 232 | |
Equality of opportunity as a benchmark for evaluation of social policy | 234 | |
12 | What Policy Should Do | 237 |
Comments | 240 | |
References | 249 | |
Final Remarks | 265 | |
Women in the labor market and in the Lisbon strategy | 265 | |
A jobless and childless Europe? | 268 | |
Index | 275 |
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