Wireless Communications in the 21st Century / Edition 1 available in Hardcover
Wireless Communications in the 21st Century / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 047115041X
- ISBN-13:
- 9780471150411
- Pub. Date:
- 03/19/2002
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Wireless Communications in the 21st Century / Edition 1
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Overview
Major topics covered include wireless standards, radio channel propagation, modulations and coding issues pertinent to the physical layer, spatial and temporal signal processing, IM 2000 radio systems, new packet radio systems, and wireless ATM.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780471150411 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| Publication date: | 03/19/2002 |
| Series: | IEEE Series on Digital & Mobile Communication , #4 |
| Pages: | 456 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.20(w) x 10.20(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
SHIGEAKI OGOSE is engaged in the research and development of the digital mobile communications systems, including PHS, at NTT. He is a member of the Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University. He received his BSEE and MSEE degrees from Hiroshima University, Japan, and his PhD degree from Kyoto University, Japan. Dr. Ogose is a member of the IEICE.
TAKESHI HATTORI does research and development of cellular systems, paging systems, maritime systems, and advanced cordless systems at NTT. A member of the Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, he received BSEE, MSEE, and PhD degrees from the University of Tokyo, Japan, and a PhD degree from Kyoto University, Japan. Professor Hattori is a member of the IEICE.
Read an Excerpt
Wireless Communications in the 21st Century
John Wiley & Sons
Copyright © 2002 IEEEAll right reserved.
ISBN: 0-471-15041-X
Chapter One
IntroductionMANSOOR SHAFI, SHIGEAKI OGOSE, and KEITH BUTTERWORTH
1.1 HISTORY OF MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
More than a century ago, in 1898, Lord Kelvin asked Guglielmo Marconi to send a message on his wireless telegraph. This was to become the world's first commercial wireless telegram. Since then, due to the efforts of many notable scientists and organizations, radio is an essential part of our daily lives today. Applications such as, audio and video broadcasting, fixed and mobile communication systems, radar, radio navigation systems, and so on are almost taken for granted.
This book focuses on a part of radio communications-the area of mobile communications. Mobile (wireless communications) consists of a communication system where at least one user is on the move. Mobile systems may have a terrestrial component and/or a satellite component. Our focus here is largely on the terrestrial component.
Today, wireless communications have captured the love of the media. Articles on this subject often appear in the worldwide daily newspapers. Numerous trade conferences and seminars, and so on are frequently held on this subject worldwide. Each year, the IEEE sponsors conferences for the ICC, GlobeCom, VTC, PIMRC, ICUPC which focus on mobile communications. It is almost impossible to keeptrack of the technical journals and magazines, symposia, and so on concerning this subject. It is clear, therefore, that wireless communications are by any measure, one of the most rapidly growing segment of the telecommunications market.
The first mobile radio systems were introduced by the military and were limited only to voice communication systems. The handsets provided very poor voice quality, low talk time (typically some tens of minutes), low stand-by time (at most, a couple of hours) and were rather bulky in size. The first public cellular phone system, known as AMPS, was introduced in 1979 in the United States. This was followed shortly by the introduction of the NMT systems in Scandinavia and the TACS and NAMTS systems in the UK and Japan, respectively. In Europe, there was a plethora of country-specific systems each being totally different from the other. These first-generation systems were based on analog FM.
In the 1990s, second-generation mobile systems, such as GSM, PDC, IS-54 (now succeeded by IS-136), and IS-95 systems were introduced (see Cox for a table of characteristics of the second-generation systems and also the dedicated chapters of). All these systems are now commercially successful and deployed in many parts of the world-more than 110 countries with subscriber numbers reaching in excess of 400 million.
1.2 TELECOMMUNICATION NEEDS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
Present day telecommunication services are dominated by voice. The public switched telephone network (PSTN)-almost taken for granted today-was built on the "Field of Dreams" concept; "if we build it, they will come" and they (subscribers) came, indeed. As we move to the next millennium, telecommunication needs of tomorrow are less clear. Telecommunication operators worldwide are hypothesizing and forecasting the telecommunication needs of the 21st Century. A few observations may be made:
The world is becoming a global village with the advent of satellite communications, CNN, and the Internet;
Communications will involve the concurrent use of various modes (voice, data, video): multimedia communications;
Information, and therefore bandwidth needs, are exponentially increasing; and
People want to be free from tethers: physical connection to the networks.
Regardless of the difficulties in forecasting tomorrow's needs, operators are considering the introduction of networks to support the introduction of broadband services (with no limit on the numerical value defining the word "broad"). Access to the Internet and the World Wide Web is growing rapidly; this has the potential to significantly change the sociology of work and personal lives.
The demand for mobility continues to surpass all forecasts and prove them wrong. Many industry practitioners believe that by the year 2005, the number of mobile phones worldwide will exceed 1 billion (equivalent to one phone per four persons). The mobile network will undoubtedly continue to provide voice-based services but also provide a slimmed-down version of all the fixed network capability
Wireless Internet access presents formidable challenges to industry practitioners and researchers. The wireless systems of today are not really designed to provide high-speed access (and that too via an end-to-end packet network). Mobile wireless data applications may be categorized in the increasing order of complexity:
Simple Messaging: Text messaging is already available today on almost all second-generation mobile systems. Data speeds of 9.6 or 14.4 kbps are required.
Basic Access to Internet: Such as, downloading weather, stocks, and news, and so on. Already these features are becoming available via Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)-capable. The i-mode service in Japan has in excess of 12 million customers and permits low-cost access to e-mail services and other Web content customized for i-mode.
Network-Enhanced Applications: These will require interaction with the network and the user. A high degree of network intelligence is required. Examples are various location-sensitive services. The data rate requirement for these services are expected to vary from modest (10 kbps) to many tens of kbps.
Secure Communications: A number of applications will require secure access to corporate LANs, electronic commerce, and so on. These applications may need high bandwidth access and may require the data be encrypted.
Advanced Access to Internet: Considerable enhanced Internet access encompassing high-speed data access-many hundred of kbps over an end-to-end packetized network. Voice over IP (VoIP) would also be available at this stage.
1.3 DATA RATE ROAD MAP TO 3G
The wireless systems are all evolving to provide broadband data rate capability besides voiced. Table 1.1 lists the maximum data rates per user that are achieved by the various technologies under ideal conditions. When user numbers increase, and if all the users share the same carrier, the data rate per user will decrease. New services that utilize the data speed capability (e.g., internet-based services, video services, location-based services) are going to provide a significantly broader and enhanced range of services in a mobile environment, besides just voice.
1.4 MOBIL E NETWORKS OF TOMORROW
Architecture
In order to provide broadband multimedia communications, mobile networks are aiming to support bit rates up to 384 kbps and further up to 2 Mbps. The International Telecommunications Union has just approved the detailed specifications of IMT-2000, a family of radio interfaces that will provide the high data rates. Standards for systems beyond IMT-2000 are also currently being drafted by ITU-R WP 8F. Wireless ATM is aiming to provide tens of Mbps per user in limited mobility (5-10 km/h) environments; mainly for portable computing and multimedia devices.
In order to realize the multimedia aspect of the communications in a cost-effective manner, one needs to examine if the present day networks are built around a suitable architecture. The architecture of today's mobile networks shown in Fig. 1.1 is optimized for voice and is based on the principle of circuit-switched calls with separate packet-switched data components handling data calls. This means that:
The radio resources in the air interface are maintained throughout the call regardless of the state of activity on the call.
Voice calls are processed by the mobile services switching center (MSC) that also performs mobility management and radio resource management functions.
Interconnection with the PSTN is via the MSC.
Subscriber management is done via the HLR/VLR (location registers).
Data calls are handled by separate packet-switched data components which enable connectivity to the desired source of data-say, an ISP or connection to the packet data network.
There is little ability for the operator to control the quality of service (QoS) for a particular application.
Telecom operators worldwide have on the average 3-4 parallel networks that are optimized for a specific application, such as the PSTN is used for voice and enhanced services, the mobile network is used for mobile services, there may be a data network, a network for video services, or a network for Internet services, and so on. All these networks have their own interfaces, protocols, management, and support systems. Such a vast overlay of parallel networks clearly results in high costs.
To support multimedia communications, a session may concurrently consist of calls involving the various independent constituent networks. Each of the calls may also have a different QoS. This could be quite cumbersome and expensive to realize on present-day networks.
There are two dominant core network footprints in the world today. These are ANSI-41 and GSM-MAP and their respective enhancements. The architecture of IMT-2000 systems proposed is based around the respective enhancements of ANSI-41 or GSM-MAP.
The IP has the advantage of seamlessly interconnecting dissimilar networks into a global integrated network by offering a common interface to higher protocol layers. Also, the Internet is now rapidly expanding its domain to include new media and networks-wireless media and wireless networks are no exception! Therefore, IP offers a low-cost way of integrating the present legacy networks, introducing new capabilities, and enabling multimedia communications. Systems beyond the present versions of IMT-2000 are based on existing or evolving Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols. The architecture of these systems is based on a common IP core network that is independent of access technology and will provide end-to-end IP services and will work with both legacy core networks and the PSTN.
The architecture of a future generation mobile voice and data cellular network is shown in Fig. 1.2. This network consists of a common IP core network supporting multiple IMT-2000 wireless technologies-in this case cdma2000 and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). There are a number of new elements such as Call State Control Functions (CSCF), Media Gateway Control Functions (MGCF), Media Resource Functions (MRF). Connectoin to the PSTN is achieved via Signalling Gateways (SGW) and Media Gateways (MGW). This architecture is based on the following principles:
A single global all-IP core network to be independent of access technology (multiple IMT-2000 wireless technologies, wireless LANs, wireline access technologies all connect to the same network. Note that Fig. 1.2 only shows IMT-2000 radio access networks connected to the common IP core network). The access network connects to the core network via an Access Gateway. This allows the access network technology to be hidden from the core network
Core network is defined by IP-based protocols and is designed with IP-based multimedia services
Embrace IETF protocols such as:
RADIUS for Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
SIP or H.323 for call control
Separation of services, control, and transport
All interfaces in the access and core networks to be made open to enable plug and play
Scalable distributed architecture
Quality (flexibility to apply QoS to a wide variety of services), reliability, and adoption of Internet security
Feature servers provide the necessary intelligence to realize the particular application
Much work remains to be done to translate the above vision into robust architectures that will in turn be used in commercial hardware.
1.5 4G MOBILE SYSTEMS
There is no agreed-upon definition for 4G mobile systems. Wireless systems beyond 3G will consist of a layered combination of different access technologies:
Cellular systems (e.g., existing 2G and 3G systems for wide area mobility)
Wireless LANs (e.g., IEEE 802.11(a), 802.11(b), HIPERLANs for dedicated indoor applications)
Personal LANs for short range and low mobility applications (e.g. Bluetooth, IrDA, etc.) around a room in the office or at home.
These access systems will be connected via a common IP-based core network that will also handle working between the different systems. The core network will enable inter and intra access handover. The European countries are also considering digital video, and audio broadcasting accessed via the common IP core network.
The peak bit rates of 3G systems are around 10 times more than 2G/2.5G systems. Fig. 1.3 shows the mobility and bit rate perspective of 4G systems. The 4G systems may be expected to provide 10 times higher data speeds relative to 3G systems. It is expected that the above layered combination will result in user bit rates of 2 Mbps for vehicular and 20 Mbps for indoor applications. 4G systems must also meet the requirements of next generation Internet through compliance with IPv6, Mobile IP, QoS control, and so on.
The 4G systems will need a fresh approach towards system design. The following key aspects of mobile systems design pose the need for breakthroughs:
Since the advent of commercial mobile telephony, handsets have undergone many significant improvements in the following areas:
Cost Low range handsets now cost around US $100. This is one of the major forces driving the rapid increase of users.
Size Handsets available today have a weight of less than 100 g and a volume of less than 80 cc. The lightest cellular terminal in the world (as of August 1999) was 59 g.
Features Recent handsets can provide new features, such as text message displays including e-mail, phone book of numbers, automatic power on/off, alarm clock, voice recording, and so on. There are other enhanced features that can be activated by keystrokes. Dialing function based on voice recognition is already introduced in the Japanese PDC. WAP and i-mode capable phones that enable Internet access, e-mail, and various location-based services are currently being introduced to the market. The current array of cell phones is already truly bewildering.
Continues...
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Table of Contents
Preface.1 Introduction (Mansoor Shaft, Shigeaki Ogose, and Keith Buttenvorth).
1.1 History of Mobile Radio Communications.
1.2 Telecommunication Needs for the 21st Century.
1.3 Data Rate Road Map to 3G.
1.4 Mobile Networks of Tomorrow.
1.5 4G Mobile Systems.
1.6 Handsets.
1.7 Mobility Management in an IP World.
1.8 Mobile IP.
1.9 Spectrum for Mobile Systems.
1.10 Organization of this Book.
1.11 Summary.
Acronyms.
References.
PART 1: Visions of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century.
2 Vision of Wireless Communications in the 21st Century (Raymond Steele).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Current Scene in Wireless Communications.
2.3 3G Scene for the Beginning of the 21st Century.
2.4 Post-3G Systems.
2.5 Global Family of Ad Hoc Networks.
2.6 Peering Through the Future Haze.
References.
3 Wireless Migration to Packet Network: U.S. Viewpoint (Chung Liu and Wayne Strom).
3.1 Future Wireless Network Vision.
3.2 Future Wireless Network Architecture.
3.3 Wireless Packet Network Evolution.
3.4 Migration of Wireless Radio Access to Packet Data Network (Including M-IP and GPRS).
3.5 Wireless Packet Network.
3.6 Summary.
References.
4 Vision of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century: A View from Japan (Mitsutoshi Hatori).
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Current Wireless Communications Systems.
4.3 Third-Generation Systems.
4.4 Fourth-Generation Systems.
4.5 Other Future Systems.
4.6 Summary.
References.
PART 2: Developments in International Standards.
5 Developments in International Standards (Jane Brownley, Fran O 'Brien, Maria Palamara, Derek Richards, and Lynne Sinclair).
5.1 Overview.
5.2 ITU's IMT-2000 Standardization Efforts.
5.3 3G Standardization Consortia.
5.4 Evolving Radio Standards.
5.5 Evolving Network Standards.
5.6 Related Standardization Efforts.
5.7 Summary.
References.
6 Standardization on Broadband Wireless Access: Wireless ATM and IP (Masahiro Umehira).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Standardization Efforts Related to Broadband Wireless Access.
6.3 Standardization on Radio Access Layer.
6.4 Standardization on Mobile ATM.
6.5 Conclusions.
References.
PART 3: Propagation Issues.
7 Multipath Effects Observed for the Radio Channel (Hemy L. Bertoni).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Measurement of Multipath Arrivals.
7.3 Multipath Phenomena for Narrowband Excitation.
7.4 Multipath Phenomena for Broadband Excitation.
7.5 Angular Spread for Space-Time Signal Processing.
7.6 Summary.
References.
8 Indoor Propagation Modeling (Homayoun Hashemi).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Types of Variations in the Channel.
8.3 Wideband Channel.
8.4 Large-Scale Path Losses.
8.5 rms Delay Spread.
8.6 Spatial Variations of the Channel.
8.7 Temporal Variations of the Channel.
8.8 Comparison Between Indoor and Outdoor Radio Channels.
8.9 Indoor Infrared Channel.
8.10 Conclusions.
References.
9 Propagation Loss Prediction Models (Masaharu Hata).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Empirical Models.
9.3 Analytical Models.
9.4 Deterministic Methods.
9.5 Summary.
References.
10 Path-Loss Measurements for Wireless Mobile Systems (Dongsoo Ear and Howard H. Xia).
10.1 Overview.
10.2 Macrocellular Measurements.
10.3 Microcellular Measurements.
10.4 Indoor Measurements.
10.5 Summary.
References.
Part 4: Technologies.
11 Coding and Modulation for Power-Constrained Wireless Channels (Ezio Biglieri, Giuseppe Caire, and Giorgio Taricco).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Designing a C/M Scheme: The Gaussian Channel Perspective.
11.3 Wireless Channel: A New Perspective.
11.4 Flat Independent Fading Channel.
11.5 Block-Fading Channel.
11.6 Interference-Limited Channel.
11.7 Conclusions.
References.
12 Modulation and Demodulation Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems (Seiichi Sampei).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Outline of Modulation and Demodulation Techniques.
12.3 GMSK.
12.4 QPSK.
12.5 Π/4-QPSK.
12.6 M-ary QAM.
12.7 Pilot Signal-Aided Fading Compensation Techniques.
12.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
12.9 Adaptive Modulation.
12.10 Summary.
References.
13 Fundamentals of Multiple Access Techniques (Fumiyuki Adachi).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Multiple Access Techniques.
13.3 Demand-Assign-Based Multiple Access.
13.4 Random Multiple Access.
13.5 Summary.
References.
14 Spatial-Temporal Signal Processing for Broadband Wireless Systems (David Falconer).
14.1 Introduction: Motivation and Configurations for Space-Time Processing.
14.2 Channel Models for Multielement Arrays.
14.3 Receiver Space-Time Processing.
14.4 Recent Space-Time Wireless Communication Architectures.
14.5 Adaptation Issues.
14.6 Transmitter Space-Time Processing.
14.7 Conclusions and Future Applications.
References.
15 Interference Cancellation and Multiuser Detection (Ryuji Kohno).
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 CDMA System Model.
15.3 Multiuser Detection for CDMA.
15.4 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for DS/CDMA.
15.5 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for FH/CDMA.
15.6 Concluding Remarks.
References.
PART 5: Wireless Systems and Applications.
16 EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMA/136 Evolution (Stefan Jäverbring).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Background.
16.3 Physical Layer.
16.4 Link Layer.
16.5 EGPRS Performance.
16.6 Conclusions.
References
17 Continuing Evolution of CDMA into New and Improved Services (Andrew J. Viterbi).
17.1 Commercial CDMA: A Brief Condensed History.
17.2 System Features of Code Division Multiple Access.
17.3 Early CDMA Evolution for Data Services.
17.4 Improvement and Evolution to CDMA 2000.
17.5 Generational Evolution and Emphasis on Wider Band widths.
17.6 Alternate Implementation of Wider Band CDMA.
17.7 Reexamining the Goal: Wireless High-Speed Data Transmission.
17.8 CDMA/HDR for High-Speed Wireless Internet Access.
17.9 Implementation of CDMA/HDR.
17.10 Summary and Concluding Remarks.
References.
18 WCDMA Radio Access Technology for Third-Generation Mobile Communication (Erik Dahlman, Fredrik Ovesjo, Per Beming, Christiaan Roobol, Magnus Persson, Jens Knutsson, and Joakim Sorelius).
18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Background to WCDMA.
18.3 UMTS/IMT-2000 System Overview.
18.4 WCDMA Radio Protocol Operation.
18.5 WCDMA Physical Layer.
18.6 WCDMA Radio Resource Management.
18.7 Performance-Enhancing Technologies.
References.
19 New Systems for Personal Communications via Satellite (J. V Evans).
19.1 Introduction.
19.2 Mobile Satellite Services.
19.3 Proposed Global Satellite Phone System Designs.
19.4 Data and Multimedia Services.
19.5 Concluding Remarks.
PART 6: Wireless ATM Networks.
20 Wireless ATM Networks (D. Raychaudhuri, P. Narasimhan, B. Rajagopalan, and D. Reininger).
20.1 Introduction.
20.2 Wireless ATM Architecture.
20.3 WATM Radio Access Layer.
20.4 Mobile ATM Network.
20.5 QoS Control in Wireless ATM.
20.6 Concluding Remarks.
References.
Index.
About the Editors.