Table of Contents
Contributors xi
Foreword xvii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
Introduction
Chapter 1 The Connection Between Grief and Trauma: An Overview Mary Beth Williams Ellen S. Zinner Richard R. Ellis 3
The Context of Tragedy 4
Key Definitions 5
What is a Community? 7
Models of Bereavement and Grief 9
PTSD and Traumatic Events 11
Healing Within a Community 12
Conclusions 15
References 16
Part 1 Humanmade and Natural Disasters
Chapter 2 The Challenger Disaster: Group Survivorship on a National Landscape Ellen S. Zinner 23
The Shuttle Challenger: Mission 51-L 23
Group Survivorship and the Loss of Challenger 32
Personal Word and Summary 44
References 45
Chapter 3 The Estonia Disaster: National Interventions, Outcomes, and Personal Impacts Lasse Nurmi 49
The Disaster of September 28, 1994 50
Immediate Responses to the Disaster 55
Memorials, Investigations, and Conclusions 62
Conclusions and Impact 65
References 69
Chapter 4 The Kempsey Bus Disaster: The Effects on Australian Community Rescuers Rod Watts Marise Wilson 73
The Kempsey Bus Disaster 74
Reflecting on a Group Crisis 83
References 85
Chapter 5 Coping Through Meaning: The Community Response to the Earthquake in Armenia Anie Sanentz Kalayjian 87
The Day the Land Moved: December 7, 1988 87
The Republic of Armenia 89
Disaster Theory and Response 90
Psychosocial Response of the Armenian Community 93
Conclusion 98
References 99
Chapter 6 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Adapted Strategies for Survival Mary Beth Williams G. Robert Baker Tom Williams 103
The Disaster Strikes 104
Mental Health Needs 107
Dealing With Death: Interruption of Normal Rituals 110
Community Outcomes 112
A Personal Response to Kobe 113
Conclusions 114
References 115
Part 2 The Loss of Leaders and Heroes
Chapter 7 Death of a Leader: The Social Construction of Bereavement Eliezer Witztum Ruth Malkinson 119
Background: Before the Assassination 120
The Assassination 121
Bereavement: The Stages Model 122
Following the Assassination 123
Stages of Individual and Social Grief: A Comparison 127
Creation and Construction of Rituals 128
Sociopsychological Perspective: Collective Grief in Israeli Society 130
The "Wounded Observers": A Personal Account 134
Concluding Remarks and Implications 135
References 136
Chapter 8 The Death and Rebirth of a Hero: Mickey Mantle's Legacy Lynda Harrell 139
An American Hero 140
The American Dream 140
The Diagnosis 141
Reality and the Dream 142
Redemption 143
The Transplant 144
The System 145
Education 146
The Double Bind 147
Giving Something Back 148
The Wrap Up 149
"Be a Hero" 150
Creating Good from Grief 150
Conclusion 155
References 156
Part 3 Terrorism and Political Action
Chapter 9 The Terrorist Bombing in Oklahoma City Karen A. Sitterle Robin H. Gurwitch 161
Risk Factors in Posttrauma Responses 164
The Victim and Survivor Groups in Oklahoma City 166
Interventions with Survivor Groups 167
Rituals for Survivors and Families of the Deceased 178
The 1 - Year Anniversary 180
Reflections and Conclusions 181
Synopsis 186
References 188
Chapter 10 The Threat to Belonging in Enniskillen: Reflections on the Remembrance Day Bombing David Bolton 191
The Essential Attributes of a Community 193
The Implications of the Remembrance Day Bombing: How the Community Responded 198
Providing Support and Responding to a Community Disaster 203
Final Remarks 210
References 211
Chapter 11 The Significance of Unforeseen Death in a Community on the Brink Amia Lieblich 213
The Body, the Sustenance, and the Home: Central Development Processes 215
Coming to Terms with Trauma: Mali's Death at Gilgal 221
References 234
Synopsis
Chapter 12 Summary and Incorporation: A Reference Frame for Community Recovery and Restoration Ellen S. Zinner Mary Beth Williams 237
Pretrauma Period 241
Trauma Period 244
Primary Intervention Period 246
Secondary adjustment Period 250
Posttrauma Period 253
Index 255
