Table of Contents
Introduction Thomas R. Guskey Susan M. Brookhart 1
1 Reliability in Grading and Grading Scales Susan M. Brookhart Thomas B. Guskey 13
2 Report Card Grades and Educational Outcomes Alex J. Bowers 32
3 The Composition of Grades: Cognitive and Noncognitive Factors Sarah M. Bonner Peggy P. Chen 57
4 Surveys of Teachers' Grading Practices and Perceptions James H. McMillan 84
5 Standards-Based Grading Megan Welsh 113
6 Grading Students with Learning Differences Lee Ann Jung 145
7 Leadership for Grading Reform Laura J. Link 157
8 Grading in Higher Education Jeffrey K. Smith Lisa F. Smith 195
Conclusion: Where Do We Go from Here? Thomas R. Guskey Susan M. Brookhart 214
Index 225
About the Authors 231