Table of Contents
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Regulated Contaminants and Treatment Challenges 1
Types of Water Systems 1
Disinfection By-Product and Microbial Regulations 3
Operational Views of Certain Contaminants 19
Regulatory changes 22
Bibliography 22
Chapter 2 Source Water 25
Sources of Water 26
Source Water Protection Program 31
Source Water Quality Considerations 34
Bibliography 36
Chapter 3 Well Design and Operation 37
Types and Operation of Wells 37
Parts of a Well 39
Operations and Maintenance 40
Reasons for Well Abandonment 43
Bibliography 44
Chapter 4 Pretreatment 45
Variation in Source Water Quality 45
Process Design 47
Bibliography 50
Chapter 5 Coagulation and Flocculation 51
Coagulation 52
Common Coagulant Aids 53
Coagulation Chemical Feed Systems 54
Process Operations and Maintenance 58
Flocculation 63
Bibliography 66
Chapter 6 Sedimentation 67
Process Design 68
Types of Basins 70
High-Rate Processes 72
Operations and Maintenance 77
Safety 79
Residuals 79
Turbidity Testing 85
Bibliography 85
Chapter 7 Filtration 87
Slow Sand Filters 87
Rapid Sand Filters 89
Diatomaceous Earth Filters 91
Granular Bed Designs 92
Granular Bed Operation and Optimization 95
Bibliography 112
Chapter 8 Disinfection 113
Basics of Chemical Disinfection 113
Chlorine Feed Equipment 120
Chlorine Dioxide 120
Chloramination 121
Ozone 123
Ultraviolet Light 124
Disinfection By-Products 126
Bibliography 127
Chapter 9 Softening 129
Water Hardness 129
Precipitative Softening Process 131
Bibliography 145
Chapter 10 Specialized Treatment Processes 147
Aeration 147
Adsorption (GAC) 148
Iron and Manganese Removal 150
Fluoridation of Water 152
Activated Alumina Fluoride Removal Process 157
Adsorptive Media 158
Electrodialysis Demineralization 158
Precoat Filtration (Diatomaceous Earth) 160
Corrosion and Scaling Control 161
Ion Exchange 162
Bibliography 164
Chapter 11 Membrane Systems 165
Reverse Osmosis 165
Nanofiltration 167
Ultrafiltration 168
Microfiltration 168
Post-treatment 169
Future Considerations 170
Bibliography 170
Chapter 12 Testing and Laboratory Procedures 171
Reasons for Testing 171
Sampling 171
Quality Assurance/Quality Control 174
Bibliography 189
Chapter 13 Instrumentation and Control Equipment 191
Process Control 191
Bibliography 205
Chapter 14 Safety and Security Practices 207
Treatment Plant Safety 207
Safety Regulations 207
Confined Space Rules 208
General Plant Safety 211
Lab Safety 217
General Safety 217
Plant Security 217
Bibliography 222
Chapter 15 Record Keeping and Reporting 223
Process Records 223
Reporting 227
Plant Performance Reports 228
Bibliography 229
Appendix A Sample Material Safety Data for Chlorine 231
Appendix B Math and Calculation Methods 239
Practical Unit Conversions for Water 239
Practical Water Treatment Plant Example Problems 241
Appendix C Water Chemistry 251
Appendix D Metric Conversions 257
Glossary 263
Index 279
About the Authors 293
