Wastewater Analysis for Substance Abuse Monitoring and Policy Development
178
Wastewater Analysis for Substance Abuse Monitoring and Policy Development
178Paperback
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Overview
The authors discuss the potential implications of WWA as a new method for understanding substance use in a variety of settings and ignite a discourse with policy makers, criminologists, epidemiologists and other disciplines about the need for collaboration with WWA scientists. The book also features an explanation of the costs and harms of substance use with academic literature from criminological and epidemiological sources and reports from lead agencies.
Additional features include:
- Details on the origin of wastewater analysis in environmental science
- Description of analytical chemistry methods for tracing a wide variety of substances, including illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco and other chemicals
- Exploration of the major empirical problems in estimating population consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs at the international and national level
- Examination of the principles of human research ethics and their application to wastewater analysis
Wastewater Analysis for Substance Abuse Monitoring and Policy Development is a valuable tool for analytical chemists, wastewater scientists and criminologists, as well as researchers and policy makers across disciplines who work in drug sectors.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780367612535 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | CRC Press |
| Publication date: | 08/01/2022 |
| Pages: | 178 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d) |
About the Author
Wayne Hall is a Professorial Fellow in the Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research at the University of Queensland. He has Professorial appointments at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW. He was: an NHMRC Australia Fellow at the University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (2009-2014); Professor of Public Health Policy, School of Population Health, UQ (2005-2009); Director of the Office of Public Policy and Ethics at the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (2001-2005), UQ; and Director of the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW (1994-2001).
Jake O’Brien is a Research Fellow at the Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS). He has a keen interest in wastewater-based epidemiology and his PhD focussed on refining the uncertainties and expansion of wastewater-based epidemiology for assessing population exposure to chemicals (conferred in 2017, UQ).
Paul Kirkbride is Strategic Professor of Forensic Science at Flinders University in South Australia. Prior to that academic appointment he was for many years an operational forensic scientist and senior manager at Forensic Science SA, Manager of Business Programs at the National Institute of Forensic Science, and Chief Scientist with the Forensic and Data Centres portfolio of the Australian Federal Police.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
About the Authors xiii
Chapter 1 Measuring Strategies to Counter the Harms of Substance Use: A Global Overview 1
Introduction 1
Terminology 2
Structure of This Book 3
1.1 The Problem of Substance Misuse 4
1.1.1 Harms for the Individual and Community 5
1.1.2 Harm at the National and Global Scale 6
1.1.2.1 Economic Perspectives 6
1.1.2.2 Epidemiological Perspectives 7
1.2 Overviewing Strategies to Counter the Harms of Psychoactive Substance Use 8
1.3 Current Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Strategies 10
1.3.1 Data Generation 13
1.3.2 Research Designs 17
1.4 Conclusion 18
Notes 19
References 19
Chapter 2 Understanding Wastewater Analysis: How It Works; Its Strengths and Limitations 23
Introduction 23
2.1 Origins of Wastewater Analysis 24
2.2 How Does Wastewater Analysis Work? 26
2.2.1 Chemical Excretion from the Human Body into Sewers 27
2.2.2 Sampling Wastewater 29
2.2.3 Laboratory Processes and Back-Calculating Population Consumption 33
2.2.4 Factors Relevant to Interpreting WWA Data 35
2.2.4.1 Population Size 35
2.2.4.2 Purity, Potency and Standard Doses 36
2.2.4.3 Correction Factors 37
2.2.4.4 Complexities Associated With Some Illicit Drugs 38
2.2.4.5 Dumping Illicit Drugs in Sewers 40
2.3 Human Research Ethics 42
2.4 Applications of Wastewater Analysis 43
2.4.1 Options for New Researchers 45
2.5 Drug Research Methods: Comparative Strengths of Traditional Approaches and Wastewater Analysis 46
2.6 Conclusion 49
Notes 50
References 50
Chapter 3 Macro Applications of Wastewater Analysis: International Comparisons 59
Introduction 59
3.1 Global Metrics on Consumption of Psychoactive Substances 60
3.1.1 Illicit Drugs 60
3.1.2 Alcohol 62
3.1.3 Tobacco 62
3.1.4 Recent Use 63
3.2 Evaluation Research at the International Level 63
3.2.1 Research Designs 63
3.2.2 Data Generation 64
3.2.2.1 Surveys 64
3.2.2.2 Event Data 66
3.2.3 Special Challenges in Measuring Alcohol and Tobacco Use 68
3.2.3.1 Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption 68
3.2.3.2 Tobacco Monitoring 69
3.3 Current Use of Wastewater Analysis at the International Level 70
3.3.1 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 72
3.3.2 Australian National Wastewater Monitoring Program 72
3.3.3 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 74
3.4 The Viability of New Applications of Wastewater Analysis Globally 75
3.4.1 Practical Challenges for Implementing Wastewater Analysis in Low-, Lower-Middle- and Middle-Income Countries 77
3.4.1.1 Inadequate Sewerage Infrastructure 78
3.4.1.2 Complexities Relating to Sewerage Performance, Climate and Substance Use Practices 80
3.4.2 WWA in Lower-Income Countries in the Short, Medium and Long Term 82
3.5 Conclusion 83
Notes 84
References 85
Chapter 4 Meso Applications of Wastewater Analysis: National Research 91
Introduction 91
4.1 Substance Use in Rural Settings 93
4.1.1 Challenges for Rural Research in Criminology and Epidemiology 94
4.1.2 Features of Rural Substance Use 95
4.1.3 Extent of Rural Substance Use 96
4.1.3.1 America 96
4.1.3.2 Australia 97
4.2 Rural Wastewater Monitoring: The Australian Experience 101
4.2.1 Findings of the Australian National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program in 2017 101
4.2.2 Potential Improvements for Rural Monitoring in Australia 104
4.2.3 Limitations Relating to jurisdictional Comparisons of Remoteness 107
4.3 Other Applications of Wastewater Analysis for Rural Settings 108
4.3.1 Short-Term Wastewater Studies in Rural Communities 108
4.3.2 Quasi-Experimental Studies 110
4.3.3 Ethical Considerations 113
4.4 Conclusion 114
Notes 115
References 115
Chapter 5 Micro Applications of Wastewater Analysis: Prisons, Educational Institutions and Workplaces 121
Introduction 121
5.1 Overview of Prison Infrastructure 122
5.2 Prison Populations and Markets for Psychoactive Substances in Prison 123
5.2.1 Demand-Side Dynamics 124
5.2.2 Harms of Prison Drug Use 126
5.2.3 Supply-Side Dynamics 127
5.3 Strategies to Respond to Substance Use in Prison 128
5.4 Wastewater Analysis in Prisons 129
5.4.1 Building Complexes (Including Prisons): Specific Issues Relating to Sampling and Laboratory Analyses 129
5.4.2 Implications for Project Management 131
5.4.3 When Scientifically Valid, What is the Potential Utility of WWA in Prisons? 132
5.4.3.1 Prison Surveys 132
5.4.3.2 Mandatory Drug Testing (MDT) 134
5.4.3.3 Comparison of WWA with Surveys and MDT 135
5.4.4 Ethical Considerations 139
5.5 Wastewater Analysis in Education Settings and Workplaces 142
5.5.1 Educational Institutions 143
5.5.2 Workplaces 144
5.6 Conclusion 145
Notes 145
References 145
Chapter 6 Future Directions 153
Introduction 153
6.1 Overview of Recommended Future Applications of WWA 153
6.2 Extending Ethical Considerations 154
6.3 Developments in Infrastructure and Technology 157
6.4 Conclusion 158
References 159
Index 161