War's Desolating Scourge: The Union's Occupation of North Alabama

by Joseph W. Danielson

Overview

When General Ormsby Mitchel and his Third Division, Army of the Ohio, marched into North Alabama in April 1862, they initiated the first occupation of an inland region in the Deep South during the Civil War. As an occupying force, soldiers were expected to adhere to President Lincoln's policy of conciliation, a conservative strategy based on the belief that most southerners were loyal to the Union. Confederate civilians in North Alabama not only rejected their occupiers' conciliatory overtures, but they began sabotaging Union telegraph lines and trains, conducting guerrilla operations, and even verbally abusing troops. Confederates' dogged resistance compelled Mitchel and his men to jettison conciliation in favor of a "hard war" approach to restoring Federal authority in the region. This occupation turned out to be the first of a handful of instances where Union soldiers occupied North Alabama.

In this first book-length account of the occupations of North Alabama, Joseph Danielson opens a new window on the strength of Confederate nationalism in the region, the Union's evolving policies toward defiant civilians, and African Americans' efforts to achieve lasting freedom. His study reveals that Federal troops' creation of punitive civil-military policies—arrests, compulsory loyalty oaths, censorship, confiscation of provisions, and the destruction of civilian property—started much earlier than previous accounts have suggested.

Over the course of the various occupations, Danielson shows Union soldiers becoming increasingly hardened in their interactions with Confederates, even to the point of targeting Rebel women. During General William T. Sherman's time in North Alabama, he implemented his destructive policies on local Confederates a few months before beginning his "March to the Sea." As Union soldiers sought to pacify rebellious civilians, African Americans engaged in a host of actions to undermine the institution of slavery and the Confederacy.

While Confederate civilians did their best to remain committed to the cause, Danielson argues that battlefield losses and seemingly unending punitive policies by their occupiers led to the collapse of the Confederate home front in North Alabama. In the immediate post-war period, however, ex-Confederates were largely able to define the limits of Reconstruction and restore the South's caste system. War's Desolating Scourge is the definitive account of this stressful chapter of the war and of the determination of Confederate civilians to remain ideologically committed to independence—a determination that reverberates to this day.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780700618446
Publisher:	University Press of Kansas
Publication date:	05/31/2012
Series:	Modern War Studies
Pages:	232
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.90(d)

About the Author

Joseph W. Danielson teaches history at Des Moines Area Community College.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

1 "I Am for Alabama under Any and All Circumstances" 5

2 "Lincoln's Hordes" 25

3 "In the Service of Jeff Davis" 45

4 "Twill Be Done Again All over the South" 65

5 "We All Ready to Fall into Abraham's Bosom" 93

6 "A Continual Dropping of Water Will Wear Away a Rock" 117

7 "Secessionists Have Had Their Run-The Race Is Over" 141

Epilogue: "It Is All Nonsense to Talk about Equalizing a Negro with a White Man" 161

Notes 171

Bibliography 205

Index 215

Editorial Reviews

"Danielson’s work reveals the complexities of military occupation, the depths of civilian resistance, and the Union army’s impact on emancipation. . . . War’s Desolating Scourge is a model study of occupation during the American Civil War."—Civil War Book Review

"Wars Desolating Scourge provides such an excellent analysis of the shifting ideologies underpinning southern occupation because Danielson has worked diligently to narrate causes and effects from both northern and southern perspectives. He contextualizes Federal and Confederate responses and reactions as products of both national policy and local events, which serves as an effective means of illustrating how soldiers and civilians contended with the very real, day-to-day struggles of occupation. Furthermore, Danielson’s incorporation of women and slaves in this study illuminates the important experiences of two groups impacted by local policy but often left out of the historical narrative due to lack of sources or their relative obscurity, at least when compared to the public exploits of soldiers or political figures. Finally, the author makes very clear the convergence of local experiences and broader political policy, which also makes this text a praiseworthy analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s shifting views of Confederates civilians as the war progressed."—The Civil War Monitor

"This book addresses all the elements that made North Alabama unique. Danielson very effectively weaves the key issues of home front attitudes and disposition, the impact of slavery on both the occupiers and the residents of North Alabama, and the juggling of conflicting political and military guidance that ultimately must be enforced by troops on the street. What today we call ‘Rules of Engagement.’ Even the most experienced historian of North Alabama will learn something and be entertained by Danielson’s presentation."—Tennessee Valley Civil War Roundtable Newsletter

"A solid first book that offers much to Civil War historians as well as to readers concerned with more recent military occupations."—The Historian

"In this fast-paced volume, Danielson demonstrates a Northern sensibility to original Southern source material that helps readers understand how the Civil War shaped attitudes and politics for over a century. "

—Karl Rove, "Karl's Reading List"

“Danielson’s thought-provoking study shows this supposedly unionist region of the Deep South to have been sharply divided, and to have boasted a Confederate population that persevered far longer than might be expected against the ‘punitive’ and ‘hard war’ policies of Union occupation.”—Daniel E. Sutherland, author of A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War

“Essential reading for anyone interested in the experience of the Southern people under Union military occupation.”—Stephen V. Ash, author of When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865

“Eminently readable and wonderfully researched.”—Stephen D. Engle, author of Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns from Fort Henry to Corinth

From the Publisher