| Contributors | xv |
| Preface | xix |
1 | Reinterpretation of Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback: Implications to Behavioral and Metabolic Disease | |
I. | Glucocorticoid Hormones and a New Hypothesis of Glucocorticoid Feedback | 2 |
II. | Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback | 4 |
III. | What do Studies Using MR and GR Antagonists Tell Us about Glucocorticoid Feedback? | 7 |
IV. | CNS Lesion Studies and Presumed Sites of Glucocorticoid Feedback | 9 |
V. | Brain Exposure to Glucocorticoids: Feedback Sites Revealed? | 10 |
VI. | Acute Stress and Glucocorticoid Feedback | 11 |
VII. | Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Energy Balance: Glucocorticoids Feed Back to Stimulate CRF Pathways and the HPA Axis | 11 |
VIII. | Glucocorticoids, the HPA Axis, and Energy Balance | 13 |
IX. | Feeding Restores Energy Balance and Blunts HPA, CRF, and Behavioral Responses to Stress | 15 |
X. | Reinterpretation of Basal Glucocorticoid Feedback: A Glucocorticoid-Metabolic-Brain Feedback Axis? | 18 |
XI. | Implications of the Glucocorticoid-Metabolic-Brain Feedback Axis | 20 |
| References | 23 |
2 | Activation of the Ligand-Mineralocorticoid Receptor Functional Unit by Ancient, Classical, and Novel Ligands. Structure-Activity Relationship | |
I. | Introduction | 32 |
II. | The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily | 34 |
III. | Steroid Receptors | 36 |
IV. | The Mineralocorticoid Effect | 37 |
V. | Structure-Activity Relationship for the Mineralocorticoid Effect | 40 |
VI. | Limitations of the Model | 45 |
VII. | Progesterone and Progesterone Derivatives | 46 |
VIII. | Extra-Adrenal Mineralocorticoid Agonists | 49 |
IX. | A Novel Synthetic Mineralocorticoid--11, 19-Oxidoprogesterone | 50 |
X. | Ligand-Dependent Cytoplasmic Trafficking of the MR | 52 |
XI. | Redox Milieu Regulates Ligand Binding to the MR and Receptor Bioavailability | 56 |
XII. | Envoy | 58 |
| References | 62 |
3 | Reciprocal Regulation and Integration of Signaling by Intracellular Calcium and Cyclic GMP | |
I. | Introduction | 70 |
II. | Regulation of [Ca superscript 2 + subscript i] by cGMP | 70 |
III. | Regulation of [cGMP subscript i] by Ca[superscript 2+] | 74 |
IV. | Cyclic GMP-Calcium Signaling and Cellular Physiology | 79 |
V. | Conclusions | 87 |
| References | 88 |
4 | Unusual Guanylyl Cyclases and cGMP Signaling in Dictyostelium Discoideum | |
I. | Introduction | 96 |
II. | cGMP Targets | 97 |
III. | cGMP Phosphodiesterases | 99 |
IV. | Guanylyl Cyclases | 100 |
V. | Desensitization of cGMP Response | 107 |
VI. | Translocation of sGC to the Membrane | 109 |
VII. | Phylogeny of the cGMP Pathway | 110 |
VIII. | Conclusions and Future Perspectives | 111 |
| References | 111 |
5 | CRH, Stress and Major Depression: A Psychobiological Interplay | |
I. | Major Depression: Clinical Characteristics and Etiology | 119 |
II. | CRH, the HPA Axis, and Stress | 121 |
III. | Major Depression and the HPA Axis | 124 |
IV. | HPA Axis, MDD, and Genetics | 132 |
V. | Early Trauma and HPA Axis Development | 140 |
VI. | Conclusion | 142 |
| References | 143 |
6 | Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Structure, Expression, and Signaling Transduction | |
I. | Introduction | 152 |
II. | GnRH Receptors Belong to the Family of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors | 153 |
III. | GnRH Receptors Possess Unique Features | 156 |
IV. | GnRH Receptor is Expressed in Extrapituitary Tissues and Various Tumors | 159 |
V. | Multiple Transcripts of GnRH Receptor are Present in Human Pituitary and Tumors | 160 |
VI. | GnRH Analogues Suppress Tumor Growth | 161 |
VII. | Structure of the GnRH Receptor | 163 |
VIII. | Nonmammalian GnRH Receptors Differ from Mammalian GnRH Receptors | 167 |
IX. | Mammalian GnRH-II Receptor (Type II Receptor) Contains C-Terminal Domain | 168 |
X. | GnRH-II Stimulates FSH and LH Secretion by Activating GnRH-I Receptors | 171 |
XI. | GnRH Receptor Mutations in Patients with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism | 172 |
XII. | GnRH Mediates its Functions through Multiple Signaling Pathways | 174 |
XIII. | GnRH Regulates Expression of a Large Number of Downstream Signaling Genes | 179 |
| References | 191 |
7 | Familial Growth Hormone Deficiency and Mutations in the GHRH Receptor Gene | |
I. | Introduction | 210 |
II. | The GHRH Receptor and its Gene | 212 |
III. | Mutations in the GHRHR Gene | 213 |
IV. | Clinical, Hormonal, and Radiological Phenotype of Patients with Bi-Allelic GHRHR Mutations | 215 |
V. | Hormonal and Radiological Phenotype of Heterozygous Carriers | 217 |
VI. | Conclusions | 217 |
| References | 218 |
8 | The Roles of Phospholipase C-[gamma]1 and Actin-binding Protein Filamin A in Signal Transduction of the Insulin Receptor | |
I. | Introduction | 222 |
II. | Insulin Receptor Sequence and Structure Analysis | 222 |
III. | PLC[gamma]1 and Insulin Signaling | 229 |
IV. | Filamin A and Insulin Signaling | 235 |
V. | Conclusions | 240 |
| References | 241 |
9 | Regulation of Expression of the NA[superscript +]/H[superscript +] Exchanger by Thryoid Hormone | |
I. | Introduction | 250 |
II. | Psychological Significance of NHE1 | 251 |
III. | Na[superscript +]/H[superscript +] Exchanger Basic Structure | 254 |
IV. | General Aspects of Regulation of Expression of NHE1 | 255 |
V. | Initial Studies on Cloning and Characterization of the Mouse NHE1 Promoter | 256 |
VI. | Regulation of NHE1 by Thyroid Hormone | 257 |
VII. | Summary and Future Directions | 261 |
| References | 262 |
10 | Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein: Structure and Interactions with Retinol, Retinoids, and Transthyretin | |
I. | Introduction | 272 |
II. | High-Resolution Structure of Retinol-Binding Protein in Complex with Retinol | 276 |
III. | Structure of Apo Retinol-Binding Protein | 281 |
IV. | Structure of Retinol-Binding Protein in Complex with Retinoids | 283 |
V. | Structure of the Retinol-Binding Protein-Transthyretin Complex | 287 |
VI. | Summary and Conclusions | 291 |
| References | 292 |
11 | Role of Magnesium, Coenzyme Q[subscript 10], Riboflavin, and Vitamin B[subscript 12] in Migraine Prophylaxis | |
I. | Introduction | 298 |
II. | Magnesium | 300 |
III. | Coenzyme Q[subscript 10] | 301 |
IV. | Riboflavin | 302 |
V. | Vitamin B[subscript 12] and Homocysteine | 303 |
VI. | Conclusions | 307 |
| References | 308 |
| Index | 313 |