Visualizing Microbiology

Visualizing Microbiology

Visualizing Microbiology

Visualizing Microbiology

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Overview

The second edition of Visualizing Microbiology contains a completely redesigned TOC and the most current coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This text is ideal for introductory microbiology courses for non-majors and pre-allied health students. Visualizing Microbiology brings the narrative to life with an applied clinical focus, helping students see and understand the unseen in the world of microbiology. The unique visual pedagogy of the text provides a powerful combination of content and visuals ideal for microbiology.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781119592679
Publisher: Wiley
Publication date: 12/10/2020
Pages: 752
Product dimensions: 8.40(w) x 10.90(h) x 1.20(d)

About the Author

Rodney P. Anderson received his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from the University of Iowa in 1989. His doctoral work centered on protein synthesis mechanisms in E. coli. After graduate school, he began his academic career at Ohio Northern University where he continues to teach and conduct research with undergraduates in the Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences. He teaches microbiology for majors and allied health students as well as courses in genetics. He has also introduced non-majors to microbiology through interdisciplinary seminars in Disease and Society.
Dr. Anderson has been actively involved in microbiology education. He has been a past President of ASM's Conference on Undergraduate Education which developed the core curriculum for undergraduate microbiology courses and has organized and spoke at a number of education division symposia at ASM’s General Meeting. Outreach activities have included Microbial Discovery Workshops for High School science instructors and doing discovery science activities at local elementary schools. He is an author of two books published by ASM press: Outbreak and The Invisible ABCs.

Linda M. Young, since earning her Ph.D. in botany at The Ohio State University in 1988, has been teaching freshman and advanced-level biology courses at Ohio Northern University, a student-centered institution which emphasizes effective instruction as a faculty member's principle responsibility. Throughout her tenure, Dr. Young has regularly directed student-based research projects and periodically collaborated with investigators at OSU. She served seven years as the Assistant Dean of the Getty College of Arts and Sciences which allowed the opportunity to implement several programs to assist students in academic difficulty, ease freshman transition into college, and support the endeavors of high-achieving students. Although initially educated as a plant/cell physiologist, changing departmental needs led to her retraining. Consequently, Dr. Young now also teaches Microbiology for Allied Health Sciences (nursing) and Introduction to Microbiology (majors). Her research has also changed and now targets infection control issues and antibiosis. Dr. Young serves locally as a member of the Allen County MRSA Task Force and has previously authored the laboratory manual used for General Botany at ONU.

Table of Contents

1 The Microbial World 1

1.1 The Microbes 2

A Brief Survey of the Microbial World 3

The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 4

1.2 The Conflicts 6

Growth and Control of Microbes 6

The Role of the Immune System 8

What a Microbiologist Sees: Wrestling and the Spread of Skin Pathogens 8

Pathogenesis 9

Antimicrobial Drugs 10

1.3 Infectious Disease 11

Epidemiology and Healthy Practices 11

Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenesis Strategies 12

Infectious Disease Statistics 12

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry 13

Case Study: Vaccination: A Casualty of War 15

1.4 Microbial Ecology and Commercial Applications 16

The Importance of Environmental Microbes 16

The Industrial Use of Microorganisms 17

Clinical Application: Pasteurization 18

2 An Introduction to the Chemical Basis of Life 24

2.1 Atoms, Elements, and Molecules 25

Elements and the Periodic Table 25

Basic Atomic Structure 27

Electron Configuration and Bonding 28

Chemical Interactions 30

What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbe Diagnosis Using Colorimetric Chemical Reactions 31

2.2 Water: Life’s Most Essential Molecule 31

Water’s Unique Properties 31

Aqueous Solutions 33

Acids and Bases 34

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis Using pH-Sensitive Chemical Reactions 36

Case Study: Trading One Infection for Another 37

2.3 Carbon’s Key Role in Biochemistry 38

The Diversity of Carbon Chemistry 38

Isomers 39

Clinical Application: Isomers as a New Antibacterial Mechanism of Action 39

Building Complex Organic Molecules 40

3 The Biochemistry of Macromolecules 45

3.1 Proteins 46

The Four Levels of Protein Structure 46

Protein Diversity and Function 49

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Effect of Modified Tertiary Binding on Protein Structure 52

3.2 Enzymes 53

Enzyme Action 53

Factors Influencing the Rate of Enzyme Activity 55

3.3 Carbohydrates 57

Simple and Complex Carbohydrates 57

The Functional Diversity of Carbohydrates 59

Clinical Application: Rapid Glycogen Breakdown in a Diabetic Patient in Shock 60

3.4 Lipids 60

The Structural Classes of Lipids 61

Case Study: Acne—A Bacterial Interaction with Skin Oils 62

Lipid Functions 65

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Ziehl–Neelsen Acid-Fast Staining of Mycolic Acid Cell Walls 66

3.5 Nucleic Acids 67

The Structures of DNA and RNA 67

Nucleic Acid Functions 68

4 Microscopy 75

4.1 Principles of Microscopy 76

Magnification 77

Resolution 78

4.2 Microscopy Used for Clinical Diagnosis 79

Bright-field Microscopy 79

Dark-field Microscopy 80

Fluorescence Microscopy 81

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay 81

4.3 Microscopy Used for Research Investigations 82

Light Microscopy 82

What a Microbiologist Sees: Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 83

Electron Microscopy 84

Nanoprobe-based Microscopy 84

4.4 Specimen Preparation and Staining 86

Basic Staining Procedures 86

Case Study: Diagnosing Gonorrhea Using the Gram Stain 88

Special Staining Procedures 88

Clinical Application: Diagnosing Tuberculosis Using Acid-fast Staining 89

5 Prokaryotic Organisms 95

5.1 The Prokaryote’s Place in the Living World 96

Sustaining Life 96

What a Microbiologist Sees: Prokaryotes—The Dominant Form of Life on Earth 97

Symbiotic Relationships 98

5.2 Bacterial Cell Shapes and Arrangements 99

Bacterial Shapes 99

Bacterial Arrangements 99

5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall 101

Cell Wall Structure 102

Gram-positive and Gram-negative Cell Walls 103

Atypical Cell Walls 104

Case Study: A Walking Pneumonia Outbreak at a University 105

5.4 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 106

The Glycocalyx 106

Fimbriae and Pili 106

Flagella 107

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Flagella Stain 108

5.5 Internal Structures of Bacterial Cells 109

The Plasma Membrane 109

The Nucleoid 110

Ribosomes 111

Plasmids, Inclusion Bodies, and Membranous Structures 112

Endospores 113

Clinical Application: Endospore-forming Bacteria 113

5.6 Prokaryotic Evolution and Classification 115

The Tree of Life 115

The Clinical Classification of Prokaryotes 117

6 The Eukaryotic Cell 122

6.1 An Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells 123

Cell Size 123

Multicellular Organisms 123

6.2 The Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall 124

The Plasma Membrane 124

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 125

The Cell Wall 125

Clinical Application: Agar—The Ideal Solid Medium for Bacterial Culture 126

6.3 Internal Structures 127

The Nucleus and Genetic Material 128

Ribosomes 130

The Endomembrane System 130

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 131

The Cytoskeleton 132

6.4 External Structures and Other Cellular Forms 134

Cellular Junctions 134

Flagella, Cilia, and Pseudopodia 134

Spores 134

Cysts and Sporocysts 136

Case Study: Valley Fever 136

What a Microbiologist Sees: O&P Examination of Stool 137

6.5 Eukaryotic Evolution and Classification 138

The Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Hypotheses 138

The Evolution of Multicellular Organisms 140

Eukarya: A Classification Overview 140

7 Eukaryotic Organisms 145

7.1 The Algae 146

General Characteristics and Unique Features 146

A Survey of Algae 146

Pathogenic Algae 146

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 148

7.2 The Protozoans 149

General Characteristics and Unique Features 149

A Survey of Protozoans 149

Pathogenic Protozoans 151

7.3 The Fungi 152

General Characteristics and Unique Features 153

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Morphological Plasticity of Candida 154

A Survey of Fungi 155

Pathogenic Fungi 157

Clinical Application: Candida auris: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen 157

7.4 The Helminths 159

General Characteristics and Unique Features 159

A Survey of the Helminths 159

Pathogenic Helminths 161

Case Study: Cravings 162

7.5 The Arthropods 163

A Survey of the Arthropods 163

Pathogenic Arthropods and Arthropod Vectors 163

8 Viruses and Infectious Particles 169

8.1 Viral Structure and Classification 170

The Structure of Viruses 170

The Classification of Viruses 172

8.2 Viral Replication Cycles 175

Viruses Replicating in Animal Cells 175

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Presumptive Diagnosis of a Viral Infection Using CPE Analysis 179

Viruses Replicating in Bacterial Cells 179

8.3 Viruses and Human Health 181

The Clinical Cultivation of Viruses 181

The Impact of Viral Infections 181

Case Study: A Bad Case of the Flu 182

Viruses, Recurrent Infections, and Cancer 183

What a Microbiologist Sees: Connecting Symptoms with the Progression of HIV 183

8.4 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 184

The Prevention of Viral Infections 185

Antiviral Therapies 185

Clinical Application: Protecting the Most Vulnerable Patients 185

Viral Influences on Bacterial Infections 187

8.5 Viruslike Infectious Agents 190

Viroids 190

Satellites 191

Prions 191

9 Metabolism 197

9.1 The Role of Energy in Life 198

Basic Energy Principles 198

Energy and Chemical Reactions 198

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Identifying Bacteria by Metabolic Differences 200

9.2 Energy Production Principles 200

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 200

ATP 201

9.3 Glycolysis and Fermentation 203

Glycolysis 204

Fermentation 204

Clinical Application: The Clinical Importance of Alcohol Throughout History 207

9.4 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 208

Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle 208

The Electron Transport System 210

Lipid and Protein Catabolism 211

Integrated Metabolic Pathways 213

What a Microbiologist Sees: Microbial Bioremediation of an Oil Spill 213

9.5 Photosynthesis 214

Reactions of Photosynthesis 214

Chemosynthesis in Bacteria 219

Case Study: A Metabolic Imbalance in Grand Lake St. Mary’s 220

10 Microbial Genetics and Genetic Engineering 226

10.1 DNA as the Genetic Material 227

DNA Structure and Functions 227

DNA Replication in Bacteria 228

10.2 From DNA to Protein 230

Transcription 230

Translation 232

10.3 Sources of Genetic Variation 234

Mutation 234

Recombination 237

Transposition 237

Case Study: The Spread of a Drug-Resistant Gene 239

10.4 Regulation of Gene Expression 240

Transcriptional Control 240

Pre-and Posttranscriptional Control 240

10.5 Recombinant DNA Technology 242

Recombinant DNA Tools and Gene Cloning 242

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Gel Electrophoresis 243

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 244

What a Microbiologist Sees: Manipulating the Bacterial Genome for Agricultural Benefits 246

Ethical and Safety Concerns 247

10.6 Genomics 248

DNA Sequencing 248

Genomic Analysis 248

Applications of Genomics 250

Clinical Application: Screening for Genetic Diseases—BRCA1 Mutation 251

11 Microbial Growth and Control 257

11.1 Requirements for Microbial Growth 258

Energy Sources 258

Physical Requirements 258

Case Study: Foodborne Illness from Home-Prepared Fermented Tofu 259

Chemical Requirements 261

11.2 Bacterial Reproduction and Growth 262

Cell Division 263

Growth Rate of Bacteria 263

Phases of Growth 264

Methods of Quantifying Bacterial Growth 265

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Dilution Plating 267

11.3 Laboratory Growth of Microorganisms 268

Obtaining a Pure Culture 268

Growth Media 269

Bacteria That Cannot Be Cultured 272

What a Microbiologist Sees: Biofilm Formation on Teeth 272

11.4 Microbial Cultures in Clinical Practice 273

Specimen Collection 273

Specimen Analysis 275

11.5 Controlling Microbial Growth 277

Physical Methods 277

Radiation 278

Chemical Methods 279

Clinical Application: Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in Health Care Settings 281

12 Antimicrobial Agents 287

12.1 Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 288

The Discovery and Development of Antimicrobial Agents 288

Choosing the Best Antimicrobial Agent 289

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Broth Dilution Test 292

12.2 Antibacterial Agents 293

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis 293

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis 296

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 299

Agents That Target the Bacterial Plasma Membrane 300

Clinical Application: The Fight Against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 300

Antimycobacterial Agents 301

12.3 Antiviral Agents 303

Inhibitors of HIV 304

Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses 306

Inhibitors of Influenza A and B Viruses 307

Inhibitors of Herpes Viruses 307

12.4 Antifungal and Antiparasitic Agents 308

Antifungal Agents 308

Antiparasitic Agents 310

Case Study: Problems with Malaria Medication in Mozambique 312

12.5 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance 313

Principles of Drug Resistance 314

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance 314

Human Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance 316

What a Microbiologist Sees: Livestock-Associated Drug-Resistant S. aureus 316

13 Innate Immunity 323

13.1 An Introduction to Immunity 324

The Benefits and Consequences of the Immune Response 324

Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity 324

The Basic Anatomy of the Immune System 326

13.2 First-Line Defense Mechanisms 330

Physical Defenses 330

Chemical Defenses 331

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Benefits of Fever 331

Case Study: No Spicy Food for Me! 332

13.3 Innate Cellular Defense Mechanisms 334

Hematopoiesis 334

Leukocytes 335

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Differential Count 337

Phagocytosis 338

Inflammation 338

13.4 Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 341

The Complement Pathways 341

Interferons 343

Other Protein-Mediated Defense Mechanisms 343

14 Adaptive Immunity 351

14.1 Introduction to Adaptive Immunity 352

Hallmarks of Adaptive Immunity 352

Antigens and Immunogenicity 352

Lymphocyte Maturation and Clonal Selection 354

Clinical Application: Conjugate Vaccines 354

The Major Histocompatibility Complex 357

What a Microbiologist Sees: Transplant Rejection 357

14.2 Cell-Mediated Responses 358

T-Cell Categories 358

Antigen Processing and Presentation 359

The T-Cell Receptor Complex and Associative Recognition 362

14.3 T-Cell Activation 363

Early Stages of T-Cell Activation 363

Completion of T-Cell Activation 363

Case Study: The Mantoux Test 364

14.4 Antibody-Mediated Responses 365

Basic Antibody Structure 365

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Coagulase Agglutination Assay 366

Immunoglobulin Classes and Their Specific Functions 367

14.5 B-Cell Activation 368

B-Cell Receptors and Pathogen Binding 368

Antibody Production and Clonal Expansion 368

B-Cell Effector Mechanisms 372

15 Vaccination, Immunoassays, and Immune Disorders 378

15.1 Vaccines and Vaccination 379

A Brief History of Vaccination 379

Modern Vaccines 379

Case Study: Prioritizing Immunizations 381

Vaccines and Public Health 383

Vaccine Safety and Misconceptions 386

15.2 Immunoassays 388

Monoclonal Antibodies 388

Types of Immunoassays 390

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Human Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 390

153 Hypersensitivities 394

Type I Hypersensitivity 395

Type II Hypersensitivity 396

Type III Hypersensitivity 397

What a Microbiologist Sees: Fetal Rh Incompatibility 397

Type IV Hypersensitivity 398

15.4 Autoimmune Diseases and Immunodeficiencies 399

Autoimmune Diseases 399

Immunodeficiencies 400

Clinical Application: Bone Marrow Transplants for Immunodeficient Patients 402

16 Microbial Pathogenesis 408

16.1 Transmission of Microbes 409

Microbial Reservoirs 409

Modes of Transmission 410

Case Study: The Cholera Epidemic in Goma, Zaire 411

Horizontal and Vertical Transmission 412

16.2 Entering and Adhering to the Host 413

Portals of Entry and Exit 413

Adhering to Host Cells 413

16.3 Overcoming Host Defenses 415

Evading Immune Attack 416

Altering Pathogen Antigens 417

Damaging the Host Immune System 418

16.4 Damaging Host Tissues 420

Direct Damage 420

Enzymes 421

Endotoxins 421

Exotoxins 423

Clinical Application: Toxoid-Based Vaccines 424

Immunopathy 426

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Analysis of Hemolysis on Blood Agar 426

16.5 Factors Influencing Disease Outcomes 427

Host Factors 428

What a Microbiologist Sees: Stress and Infection 428

Microbial Factors 429

17 Epidemiology and Infection Control 434

17.1 Epidemiology and Public Health 435

Early Epidemiological Successes 435

Significant Accomplishments of Epidemiology 435

17.2 Epidemiological Surveillance 437

What a Microbiologist Sees: Antibiotic-Impregnated Bone Cement 438

Prevalence, Incidence Rates, and Mortality Rates 438

Epidemic Curves 439

Disease Surveillance 439

17.3 Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials 441

Case-Control and Cohort Studies 442

Clinical Trials 442

Case Study: A Foodborne Outbreak among Inmates at a County Jail 443

17.4 Health Care–Associated Infections 445

Common Health Care–Associated Infections 445

Surgical Site Infections 445

Clinical Application: Reducing the Risk of Bloodstream Infections 446

CAUTIs 446

PICC Line Infections 447

CLABSIs 450

17.5 Preventing Pathogen Spread in Health Care Settings 450

Hand Hygiene 450

Universal and Standard Precautions and PPE 450

Screening 452

Isolation Procedures 453

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: MRSA Screening Procedures in the Clinical Laboratory 454

18 Diseases of the Respiratory System 460

18.1 The Conflicts 461

Host Defenses 461

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 461

Normal Microbiota 462

18.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System 463

Diphtheria 463

Pertussis 464

Case Study: Whooping Cough Outbreak 465

Tuberculosis 466

18.3 Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System 468

The Common Cold 468

Influenza 470

What a Microbiologist Sees: Unpredictable Behavior 473

18.4 Diseases of the Respiratory System Caused by Multiple Pathogens 474

Sinusitis and Otitis Media 474

Pharyngitis 475

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Diagnosis of Strep Throat 478

Laryngitis, Croup, Tracheitis, and Epiglottitis 479

Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis 479

18.5 Pneumonia 480

General Characteristics of Pneumonia 480

Clinical Application: Sputum Samples 481

Epidemiology of Pneumonia 481

Causes of Pneumonia 482

Emerging Pathogens 484

19 Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 491

19.1 The Conflicts 492

Host Defenses 492

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 492

Normal Microbiota 493

19.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin 495

Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Diseases 495

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Mannitol Salt Agar—A Versatile Selective/Differential Medium 498

Pseudomonal Skin Diseases 499

Miscellaneous Bacterial Skin Diseases 499

19.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin 501

Pediatric Viral Rashes 501

Clinical Application: An App to Improve Hand Hygiene 502

Shingles 504

Warts 506

Smallpox 506

19.4 Skin Diseases Caused by Eukaryotic Pathogens 508

Fungal Skin Diseases 508

What a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Thrush and Immune System Status 509

Protozoan Skin Diseases 509

Helminthic Skin Diseases 510

Arthropod Skin Diseases 510

Case Study: Kindergarten Contact 512

19.5 Diseases of the Eye 513

Host Defenses and Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 514

Conjunctivitis 514

Other Eye Diseases 516

20 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System 524

20.1 The Conflicts 525

Host Defenses 525

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 525

Normal Microbiota 525

20.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth and Upper GI Tract 527

Dental Caries 527

Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease 528

What a Microbiologist Sees: Oral Hygiene for Patients with Ventilators 529

Clinical Application: Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease 529

Peptic Ulcer Disease 530

Staphylococcus aureus Food Intoxication 530

20.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower GI Tract 531

Diseases Caused by Salmonella 532

Diarrheagenic E. coli Infections 532

Campylobacteriosis 532

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: Preparing and Analyzing a Fecal Culture 533

Shigellosis 534

Cholera 535

Opportunistic Infections 535

20.4 Viral Diseases of the GI System 538

Cold Sores 538

Mumps 538

Viral Gastroenteritis 539

Hepatitis A 539

Case Study: A Norovirus Outbreak Among Nurses 540

20.5 Protozoan Diseases of the GI System 541

Giardiasis 541

Amoebic Dysentery 542

Cryptosporidiosis 542

20.6 Helminthic Diseases of the GI System 543

Trematode Infections 543

Cestode Infections 544

Nematode Infections 545

21 Diseases of the Urogenital System 554

21.1 The Conflicts 555

Host Defenses 555

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 555

Normal Microbiota 555

21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System 558

Cystitis 558

Pyelonephritis 559

What a Microbiologist Sees: Cranberry Juice for UTI Prevention 560

Leptospirosis 561

Case Study: Pyelonephritis in a Toddler 561

21.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 563

Prostatitis 563

Chlamydia 563

Gonorrhea 565

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Challenge of Culturing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 566

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 566

Syphilis 568

21.4 Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 570

Genital Warts 570

Clinical Application: Winning the War on Cervical Cancer 571

Genital Herpes 572

Molluscum Contagiosum 573

21.5 HIV Infection and AIDS 574

HIV Origins and Characteristics 574

HIV Replication and Pathogenicity 576

HIV Testing, Treatment, and Outcomes 577

21.6 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 579

Vaginal Yeast Infections 579

Trichomoniasis 581

22 Diseases of the Nervous System 587

22.1 The Conflicts 588

Host Defenses 588

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 588

22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System 590

Bacterial Meningitis 590

Tetanus 593

Botulism 593

Case Study: The High Cost of Forgoing Tetanus Vaccination 594

Clinical Application: Clinical Use of Botulism Toxin 595

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 597

22.3 Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 597

Viral Meningitis 597

Encephalitis 598

Polio 599

What a Microbiologist Sees: Polio Eradication 600

Rabies 601

Other Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 603

22.4 Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System 604

Fungal Meningitis 604

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: India Ink Staining of CSF for Cryptococcus 604

Toxoplasmosis 605

22.5 Prion Diseases of the Nervous System 606

Animal Spongiform Encephalopathies 606

Human Prion Diseases 606

23 Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 613

23.1 The Conflicts 614

Host Defenses 614

Microbial Pathogenic Strategies 614

23.2 Sepsis and Cardiac Diseases 616

Sepsis 616

Cardiac Diseases 619

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Blood Culture 620

23.3 Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 621

Brucellosis 622

Anthrax 623

Lyme Disease 625

Plague 627

Other Bacterial Diseases 628

23.4 Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 630

Leukocyte-Associated Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Diseases 630

What a Microbiologist Sees: The Diagnosis of Mononucleosis 631

Viral Hemorrhagic Diseases 631

Hepatitis 633

Clinical Application: HIV Status and the Spread of Hepatitis 634

23.5 Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 635

Systemic Candida auris Infection 635

Systemic Protozoan Diseases 636

Case Study: The Kissing Bug 637

Systemic Helminthic Diseases 639

24 Environmental and Industrial Microbiology 646

24.1 Microbial Ecology 647

The Ecological Hierarchy 647

Microbes in Earth’s Ecosystems 647

Biofilms 651

Clinical Application: A Potential New Therapy for Medical Biofilm Elimination 652

24.2 Biogeochemical Cycles 653

The Nitrogen Cycle 653

The Carbon Cycle 654

The Phosphorus Cycle 656

The Sulfur Cycle 657

What a Microbiologist Sees: Habitat for Acidophiles 658

24.3 Bioremediation 659

Principles of Bioremediation 659

Sewage Treatment 660

Water Treatment 661

24.4 Microorganisms Used in Manufacturing 662

Products of Biotechnology 662

Food Production 662

Case Study: Bacon Beer 665

24.5 Safe Product Processing and Packaging 666

Food Safety Regulation 666

Chemical and Physical Controls in Food Production 667

Canning 668

Microbial Control in Health Care Settings 669

The Microbiologist’s Toolbox: The Autoclave 669

Appendix A Answers to Self-Tests A-1

Appendix B Physiological Reference Ranges B-5

Glossary G-1

Index I-1

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