Ultra Wide Band Antennas / Edition 1

by Xavier Begaud

Overview

Ultra Wide Band Technology (UWB) has reached a level of maturity that allows us to offer wireless links with either high or low data rates. These wireless links are frequently associated with a location capability for which ultimate accuracy varies with the inverse of the frequency bandwidth. Using time or frequency domain waveforms, they are currently the subject of international standards facilitating their commercial implementation. Drawing up a complete state of the art, Ultra Wide Band Antennas is aimed at students, engineers and researchers and presents a summary of internationally recognized studies.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781848212329
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	12/20/2010
Series:	ISTE Series , #508
Pages:	278
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.90(d)

About the Author

Xavier Begaud is Associate Professor at TELECOM ParisTech in France. His main research interests are the theory, conception, modeling and characterization of wideband, dual polarized and 3D antennas (with special emphasis on numerical methods), and the design of metamaterials, channel sounders and mutual coupling analysis in the framework of UltraWideBand and Software Radio.

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Chapter 1 Applications of Ultra Wide Band Systems Serge Héthuin Isabelle Bucaille 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 UWB regulation: a complex context 2

1.2.1 UWB regulation in the USA 2

1.2.2 UWB regulation in Europe 3

1.2.3 UWB regulation in Japan 6

1.2.4 Emission mask in the United States, Europe and Japan 7

1.3 Formal Ultra Wide Band types 8

1.3.1 Ultra Wide Band Impulse Radio (UWB-IP) 8

1.3.2 OFDM-ultra wide band (UWB-OFDM) 12

1.4 Non-formal ultra wide band types 14

1.4.1 Ultra wide band frequency hopping (UWB-FH) 14

1.4.2 Chirp Ultra Wide Band (UWB-FM) 17

1.5 Comparison between the different Ultra Wide Band techniques 20

1.6 Typical UWB-OFDM applications 21

1.6.1 Peripheral connection to a PC 21

1.6.2 High speed applications in large structures with optical fiber backbone 22

1.6.3 High speed UWB in harsh indoor environment 26

1.6.4 High speed UWB combined with other technologies 27

1.7 Specialized UWB-OFDM applications 28

1.7.1 Last mile radio applications 28

1.7.2 Information and video streaming applications 29

1.8 Typical applications of the Impulse Radio UWB, UWB-FH and UWB-FM 30

1.8.1 Professional geo-localization 30

1.8.2 Geolocalization for private individuals 31

1.9 Impact on the antennas 32

Chapter 2 Radiation Characteristics of Antennas Xavier Begaud 33

2.1 Introduction 33

2.1.1 What is an antenna and how can we define it? 36

2.1.2 Where does antenna radiation come from? 37

2.2 How can we characterize an antenna? 37

2.2.1 Plane wave and polarization 38

2.3 Radiation fields and radiation power 40

2.3.1 Radiation fields 40

2.3.2 Radiation power 41

2.3.3 The radiation pattern, the phase center 41

2.3.4 Directive gain, directivity 43

2.3.5 Radiation impedance and radiation resistance 46

2.4 Gain, efficiency and effective aperture 47

2.4.1 Gain and efficiency 47

2.4.2 Receive antenna effective aperture 48

2.5 Budget link, transfer function 49

2.6 Equivalent circuits of the antennas 51

2.7 Bandwidth 52

2.8 Example of characterization: the triangular probe antenna in F 52

2.8.1 Description of the structure 53

2.8.2 Impedance matching 53

2.8.3 Radiation patterns 54

2.8.4 Optimization of the antenna 58

Chapter 3 Representation, Characterization and Modeling of Ultra Wide Band Antennas Christophe Roblin 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Specificities of UWB antennas: stakes and representation 62

3.2.1 Context and requirements of an effective and complete representation 63

3.2.2 Transfer function in transmission 64

3.2.3 Transfer function in reception, reciprocity 71

3.2.4 Transfer function and "conventional" quantities 75

3.2.5 Elements on the measurement of transfer functions in the frequency domain 76

3.3 Temporal behavior, distortion 77

3.4 Distortion and ideality 80

3.5 Performance characterization: synthetic indicators 82

3.5.1 Energy gain and mean realized gain (MRG) 83

3.5.2 Synthetic indicators of distortion 86

3.6 Parsimonious representation by development of singularities and spherical modes 95

3.6.1 The singularity expansion method 95

3.6.2 Spherical mode expansion method (SMEM) 98

3.6.3 Parametric model with very high order reduction 102

3.6.4 Examples of processing of measured ATF 103

Chapter 4 Experimental Characterization of UWB Antennas Christophe Delaveaud 113

4.1 Introduction 113

4.2 Measurements of the characteristics of radiation 114

4.2.1 Basic concepts 114

4.2.2 Frequency methods 117

4.2.3 Time domain method 127

4.3 Measurements of the electric characteristics 156

4.3.1 Preamble 156

4.3.2 Frequency domain measurements 157

4.3.3 Time domain measurements 159

Chapter 5 Overview of UWB Antennas Nicolas Fortino Jean-Yves Dauvignac Georges Kossiavas Xavier Begaud 163

5.1 Classification of UWB antennas 163

5.2 Frequency independent antennas 164

5.2.1 Equiangular antennas 164

5.2.2 Log-periodic antennas 170

5.2.3 Techniques of frequency-independent antennas performance improvement 176

5.3 Elementary antennas 177

5.3.1 The biconical antenna 177

5.3.2 The discone antenna 179

5.3.3 The bowtie antenna 180

5.3.4 Planar monopoles antennas 181

5.3.5 Performance improvement techniques of elementary UWB antennas 190

5.3.6 Directive elementary antennas 195

5.3.7 Antennas with progressive transition 196

5.3.8 Horn antennas 201

5.4 Miniaturization of UWB antennas 202

5.4.1 General principles of antenna miniaturization 202

5.4.2 Miniaturization problems of UWB antennas 203

5.4.3 Miniaturization techniques applicable to UWB antennas 204

5.5 UWB antennas for surface penetrating radars 206

5.5.1 Presentation of SPR UWB technologies 206

5.5.2 Design of antennas for SPR radars 207

Chapter 6 Antenna-Channel Joint Effects in UWB Alain Sibille 213

6.1 Introduction 213

6.2 Recalls on the UWB radio channel 214

6.3 Impact of the channel on the performance of UWB systems 218

6.4 Effective antenna performance in an ideal channel 220

6.4.1 Introduction 220

6.4.2 Radiation patterns for various architectures 221

6.5 Effective performance of non-directional antennas in dispersive channels 225

6.5.1 Gain calculation for non-ideal antennas 225

6.5.2 Results on measured channels 231

6.6 Effective performance of directional antennas in dispersive channels 233

6.7 Factorization of antenna patterns 235

6.8 Conclusion 237

Appendices 239

Appendix A Reciprocity of the Antennas in Reception and Transmission Modes 241

A.1 Reciprocity applied to waveguides 243

A.2 Reciprocity applied to the passive antennas in transmission and reception 245

Appendix B Method of the Stationary Phase 253

Acronyms and Abbreviations 255

Bibliography 259

List of Authors 273

Index 275