Table of Contents
Book I:
The Necessity of the Study of Perspective to Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
What is Perspective?
The Theory of Perspective:
I. Definitions
II. The Point of Sight, the Horizon, and the Point of Distance
III. Point of Distance
IV. Perspective of a Point, Visual Rays, &c.
V. Trace and Projection
VI. Scientific Definition of Perspective
Rules:
VII. The Rules and Conditions of Perspective
VIII. A Table or Index of the Rules of Perspective
Book II:
IX. The Square in Parallel Perspective
X. The Diagonal
XI. The Square
XII. Geometrical and Perspective Figures Contrasted
XIII. Of Certain Terms made use of in Perspective
XIV. How to Measure Vanishing or Receding Lines
XV. How to Place Squares in Given Positions
XVI. How to Draw Pavements, &c.
XVII. Of Squares placed Vertically and at Different Heights, or the Cube in Parallel Perspective
XVIII. The Transposed Distance
XIX. The Front View of the Square and of the Proportions of Figures at Different Heights
XX. Of Pictures that are Painted according to the Position they are to Occupy
XXI. Interiors
XXII. The Square at an Angle of 45°
XXIII. The Cube at an Angle of 45°
XXIV. Pavements Drawn by Means of Squares at 45°
XXV. The Perspective Vanishing Scale
XXVI. The Vanishing Scale can be Drawn to any Point on the Horizon
XXVII. Application of Vanishing Scales to Drawing Figures
XXVIII. How to Determine the Heights of Figures on a Level Plane
XXIX. The Horizon above the Figures
XXX. Landscape Perspective
XXXI. Figures of Different Heights. The Chessboard
XXXII. Application of the Vanishing Scale to Drawing Figures at an Angle when their Vanishing Points are Inaccessible or Outside the Picture
XXXIII. The Reduced Distance. How to Proceed when the Point of Distance is Inaccessible
XXXIV. How to Draw a Long Passage or Cloister by Means of the Reduced Distance
XXXV. How to Form a Vanishing Scale that shall give the Height, Depth, and Distance of any Object in the Picture
XXXVI. Measuring Scale on Ground
XXXVII. Application of the Reduced Distance and the Vanishing Scale to Drawing a Lighthouse, &c.
XXXVIII. How to Measure Long Distances such as a Mile or Upwards
XXXIX. Further Illustration of Long Distances and Extended Views
XL. How to Ascertain the Relative Heights of Figures on an Inclined Plane
XLI. How to Find the Distance of a Given Figure or Point from the Base Line
XLII. How to Measure the Height of Figures on Uneven Ground
XLIII. Further Illustration of the Size of Figures at Different Distances and on Uneven Ground
XLIV. Figures on a Descending Plane
XLV. Further Illustration of the Descending Plane
XLVI. Further Illustration of Uneven Ground
XLVII. The Picture Standing on the Ground
XLVIII. The Picture on a Height
Book III:
XLIX. Angular Perspective
L. How to put a Given Point into Perspective
LI. A Perspective Point being given, Find its Position on the Geometrical Plane
LII. How to put a Given Line into Perspective
LIII. To Find the Length of a Given Perspective Line
LIV. To Find these Points when the Distance-Point is Inaccessible
LV. How to put a Given Triangle or other Rectilineal Figure into Perspective
LVI. How to put a Given Square into Angular Perspective
LVII. Of Measuring Points
LVIII. How to Divide any Given Straight Line into Equal or Proportionate Parts
LIX. How to Divide a Diagonal Vanishing Line into any Number of Equal or Proportional Parts
LX.-LXI. Further Use of the Measuring Point O
LXII. Another Method of Angular Perspective, being that Adopted in our Art Schools
LXIII. Two Methods of Angular Perspective in one Figure
LXIV. To Draw a Cube, the Points being Given
LXV. Amplification of the Cube Applied to Drawing a Cottage
LXVI. How to Draw an Interior at an Angle
LXVII. How to Correct Distorted Perspective by Doubling the Line of Distance
LXVIII. How to Draw a Cube on a Given Square, using only One Vanishing Point
LXIX. A Courtyard or Cloister Drawn with One Vanishing Point
LXX. How to Draw Lines which shall Meet at a Distant Point, by Means of Diagonals
LXXI. How to Divide a Square Placed at an Angle into a Given Number of Small Squares
LXXII. Further Example of how to Divide a Given Oblique Square into a Given Number of Equal Squares, say Twenty-five
LXXIII. OF Parallels and Diagonals
LXXIV. The Square, the Oblong, and their Diagonals
LXXV. Showing the Use of the Square and Diagonals in Drawing Doorways, Windows, and other Architectural Features
LXXVI. How to Measure Depths by Diagonals
LXXVII. How to Measure Distances by the Square and Diagonal
LXXVIII. How by Means of the Square and Diagonal we can Determine the Position of Points in Space
LXXIX. Perspective of a Point Placed in any Position within the Square
LXXX. Perspective of a Square Placed at an Angle. New Method
LXXXI. On a Given Line Placed at an Angle to the Base Draw a Square in Angular Perspective, the Point of Sight, and Distance, being given
LXXXII. How to Draw Solid Figures at any Angle by the New Method
LXXXIII. Points in Space
LXXXIV. The Square and Diagonal Applied to Cubes and Solids Drawn Therein
LXXXV. To Draw an Oblique Square in Another Oblique Square without Using Vanishing-points
LXXXVI. Showing how a Pedestal can be Drawn by the New Method
LXXXVII. Scale on Each Side of the Picture
LXXXVIII. The Circle
LXXXIX. The Circle in Perspective a True Ellipse
XC. Further Illustration of the Ellipse
XCI. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective Without a Geometrical Plan
XCII. How to Draw a Circle in Angular Perspective
XCIII. How to Draw a Circle in Perspective more Correctly, by Using Sixteen Guiding Points
XCIV. How to Divide a Perspective Circle into any Number of Equal Parts
XCV. How to Draw Concentric Circles
XCVI. The Angle of the Diameter of the Circle in Angular and Parallel Perspective
XCVII. How to Correct Disproportion in teh Width of Columns
XCVIII. How to Draw a Circle over a Circle or a Cylinder
XCIX. To Draw a Circle Below a Given Circle
C. Application of Previous Problem
CI. Doric Columns
CII. To Draw Semicircles Standing upon a Circle at any Angle
CIII. A Dome Standing on a Cylinder
CIV. Section of a Dome or Niche
CV. A Dome
CVI. How to Draw Columns Standing in a Circle
CVII. Columns and Capitals
CVIII. Method of Perspective Employed by Architects
CIX. The Octagon
CX. How to Draw the Octagon in Angular Perspective
CXI. How to Draw the Octagonal Figure in Angular Perspective
CXII. How to Draw Concentric Octagons, with Illustration of a Well
CXIII. A Pavement Composed of Octagons and Small Squares
CXIV. The Hexagon
CXV. A Pavement Composed of Hexagonal Tiles
CXVI. A Pavement of Hexagonal Tiles in Angular Perspective
CXVII. Further Illustration of the Hexagon
CXVIII. Another View of the Hexagon in Angular Perspective
CXIX. Application of the Hexagon to Drawing a Kiosk
CXX. The Pentagon
CXXI. The Pyramid
CXXII. The Great Pyramid
CXXIII. The PYramid in Angular Perspective
CXXIV. To Divide the Sides of the Pyramid Horizontally
CXXV. Of Roofs
CXXVI. Of ARches, Arcades, Bridges, &c.
CXXVII. Outline of an Arcade with Semicircular Arches
CXXVIII. Semicircular Arches on a Retreating Plane
CXXIX. An Arcade in Angular Perspective
CXXX. A Vaulted Ceiling
CXXXI. A Cloister, from a Photograph
CXXXII. The Low or Elliptical Arch
CXXXIII. Opening or Arched Window in a Vault
CXXXIV. Stairs, Steps, &c.
CXXXV. Steps, Front View
CXXXVI. Square Steps
CXXXVII. To Divide an Inclined Plane into Equal Parts—such as a Ladder Placed against a Wall
CXXXVIII. Steps and the Inclined Plane
CXXXIX. Steps in Angular Perspective
CXL. A Step Ladder at an Angle
CXLI. Square Steps Placed over each other
CXLII. Steps and a Double Cross Drawn by Means of Diagonals and one Vanishing Point
CXLIII. A Staircase Leading to a Gallery
CXLIV. Winding Stairs in a Square Shaft
CXLV. Winding Stairs in a Cylindrical Shaft
CXLVI. Of the Cylindrical Picture or Diorama
CXLVII. The Perspective of Cast Shadows
CXLVIII. The Two Kinds of Shadows
CXLIX. Shadows Cast by the Sun
CL. The Sun in the Same Plane as the Picture
CLI. The Sun Behind the Picture
CLII. Sun Behind the Picture, Shadows Thrown on a Wall
CLIII. Sun Behind the Picture Throwing Shadow on an Inclined Plane
CLIV. The Sun in Front of the Picture
CLV. The Shadow of an Inclined Plane
CLVI. Shadow on a Roof or Inclined Plane
CLVII. To Find the Shadow of a Projection or Balcony on a Wall
CLVIII. Shadow on a Retreating Wall, Sun in Front
CLIX. Shadow of an Arch, Sun in Front
CLX. Shadow in a Niche or Recess
CLXI. Shadow in an Arched Doorway
CLXII. Shadows Produced by Artificial Light
CLXIII. Some Observations on Real Light and Shade
CLXIV. Reflection
CLXV. Angles of Reflection
CLXVI. Reflections of Objects at Different Distances
CLXVII. Reflections in a Looking-glass
CLXVIII. The Mirror at an Angle
CLXIX. The Upright Mirror at an Angle of 45° to the Wall
CLXX. Mental Perspective
