| Preface | ix |
Part 1 | Instrumentation | |
1 | The Orchestra--Yesterday and Today | 3 |
2 | Bowed String Instruments | 7 |
| Construction | 8 |
| Tuning | 9 |
| Fingering | 10 |
| Double, Triple, and Quadruple Stops | 11 |
| Divided Strings | 12 |
| Vibrato | 14 |
| Glissando and Portamento | 15 |
| The Bow | 16 |
| Bowing | 17 |
| Non legato | 17 |
| Legato | 18 |
| Special On-the-String Bowings | 21 |
| Special Off-the-String Bowings | 26 |
| Trills and Other Coloristic Effects Using the Bow | 28 |
| Coloristic Effects without the Bow | 33 |
| Mutes | 39 |
| Scordatura | 40 |
| Harmonics | 41 |
| Contemporary String Techniques | 49 |
3 | Individual Bowed String Instruments | 51 |
| Violin | 51 |
| Viola | 65 |
| Violoncello or Cello | 75 |
| Double Bass | 83 |
4 | Plucked String Instruments | 89 |
| Harp | 89 |
| Guitar | 101 |
| Mandolin | 103 |
| Banjo | 106 |
| Zither | 108 |
5 | Scoring for Strings | 111 |
| Individuality within the Ensemble | 111 |
| Foreground--Middleground--Background | 118 |
| Contrapuntal Writing for Strings | 133 |
| Homophonic Writing for Strings | 143 |
| Using the String Choir to Accompany a Soloist | 152 |
| Transcribing from Piano to Strings | 159 |
6 | The Woodwind Choir (Reed Aerophones) | 164 |
| Construction | 164 |
| Classifying Woodwind Instruments | 165 |
| The Principle of Transposition | 167 |
| Playing Techniques | 170 |
| The Woodwind Section of a Symphony Orchestra | 177 |
| Scoring for Woodwind Instruments | 178 |
7 | Individual Woodwinds | 180 |
| Flute | 180 |
| Piccolo | 189 |
| Alto Flute | 191 |
| Bass Flute | 193 |
| Oboe | 193 |
| English Horn | 199 |
| Other Members of the Oboe Family | 201 |
| Clarinet | 205 |
| "Piccolo" Clarinet: Clarinet in D or E[flat] | 211 |
| Bass Clarinet | 212 |
| Other Members of the Clarinet Family | 215 |
| Saxophone | 217 |
| Bassoon | 221 |
| Contrabassoon | 225 |
8 | Scoring for Woodwinds and Woodwind-String Combinations | 229 |
| The Role of Winds in the Symphony Orchestra | 229 |
| The Variety of Orchestral Treatments | 238 |
| Homophonic Writing for Winds | 252 |
| Contrapuntal Writing for Winds | 261 |
| Using the Wind Choir to Provide a Contrasting Color | 270 |
| Using the Wind Choir to Double Other Instruments of the Orchestra | 276 |
| New Types of Articulations for Woodwinds | 283 |
| Special Effects | 288 |
| Transcribing from Piano to Winds and Strings | 291 |
9 | Introduction to Brass Instruments | 295 |
| Composition of the Brass Section | 296 |
| Brass Instruments and the Written Orchestral Score | 297 |
| Overblowing and the Principle of the Harmonic Series | 298 |
| Crooks, Valves, and Slides | 301 |
| Range | 303 |
| Tone Production, Articulation, and Tonguing | 303 |
| Common Characteristics and Effects on All Brass Instruments | 304 |
| Mutes | 307 |
| Muting Devices Other Than Mutes | 310 |
10 | Individual Brass Instruments | 312 |
| Horn | 312 |
| Trumpet | 325 |
| Cornet | 337 |
| Other Members of the Trumpet Family | 339 |
| Trombone | 340 |
| Other Members of the Trombone Family | 349 |
| Tuba | 349 |
| Other Members of the Tuba Family | 354 |
11 | Scoring for Brass, and Brass Combined with Strings and Winds | 357 |
| Early Uses of the Brass Choir | 357 |
| Doubling of Brass Instruments within the Modern Orchestra | 363 |
| Homophonic Writing for the Brass Choir | 364 |
| Using the Brass Choir to Present the Melody | 375 |
| Contrapuntal Writing for the Brass Choir | 392 |
| Climactic Uses of the Brass Choir | 413 |
| Using the Brass Choir to Provide a Coloristic Effect | 424 |
12 | The Percussion Ensemble | 431 |
| Historical Uses of Percussion Instruments within the Orchestra | 431 |
| Number and Distribution of Percussion Players | 433 |
| Notation of Percussion Instruments | 433 |
| Mallets, Beaters, and Sticks | 434 |
| Categories of Percussion Instruments | 435 |
| Instruments of Definite Pitch | 437 |
| Idiophones: Mallet Instruments | |
| Xylophone | 437 |
| Marimba | 438 |
| Vibraphone | 439 |
| Glockenspiel | 440 |
| Chimes | 441 |
| Crotales | 442 |
| Steel Drums | 443 |
| Idiophones: Shaken or Stroked Instruments | |
| Musical Saw | 443 |
| Flexatone | 444 |
| Crystal Glasses | 444 |
| Membranophones | |
| Timpani | 445 |
| Roto Toms | 448 |
| Chordophones | |
| Cimbalom | 449 |
| Aerophones | |
| Whistles | 451 |
| Instruments of Indefinite Pitch | 452 |
| Idiophones: Metal | |
| Cymbals: Crash, Suspended, Hi-Hat, Sizzle, Chinese, Finger | 452 |
| Triangle | 454 |
| Anvil | 455 |
| Cowbells | 455 |
| Tam-Tam and Other Gongs | 456 |
| Wind Chimes | 456 |
| Sleigh Bells | 457 |
| Bell Tree | 457 |
| Brake Drum | 457 |
| Thunder Sheet | 457 |
| Idiophones: Wooden | |
| Wood Blocks | 457 |
| Temple Blocks | 458 |
| Claves | 458 |
| Castanets | 458 |
| Sand Block or Sandpaper Block | 459 |
| Maracas | 459 |
| Jawbone; Vibraslap | 459 |
| Guiro | 460 |
| Ratchet | 460 |
| Slapstick or Whip | 460 |
| Log Drum and Slit Drum | 460 |
| Hammer | 461 |
| Membranophones | |
| Snare Drum | 461 |
| Tenor Drum | 462 |
| Field Drum | 462 |
| Bass Drum | 463 |
| Tom-Toms | 463 |
| Timbales | 464 |
| Bongos | 464 |
| Conga Drum | 465 |
| Tambourine | 465 |
| Quica; String Drum or Lion's Roar | 466 |
| Aerophones | |
| Sirens | 466 |
| Motor Horns | 467 |
| Wind Machine | 467 |
13 | Keyboard Instruments | 468 |
| Piano | 468 |
| Celesta | 475 |
| Harpsichord | 478 |
| Organ | 480 |
| Harmonium | 483 |
14 | Scoring for Percussion with Keyboard Alone or in Combination | 486 |
| Percussion Layout in the Full Score | 486 |
| Percussion Section Setup | 494 |
| Uses of the Percussion Section | 497 |
Part 2 | Orchestration | |
15 | Scoring for Orchestra | 547 |
| The Unison-Octave Tutti | 548 |
| The Distribution of Foreground--Middleground--Background Elements within the Orchestra | 558 |
| Orchestrating a Melody or Primary Gesture | 599 |
| Using the Orchestra to Create Special Effects | 601 |
16 | The Orchestra as Accompanist | 611 |
| The concerto | 611 |
| Accompanying the Vocal Soloist, Ensemble, or Chorus | 639 |
17 | Transcribing for Orchestra | 666 |
| Transcribing from Keyboard or Small Chamber Combinations to Orchestra | 668 |
| Transcribing from Band or Wind Ensemble to Orchestra | 715 |
| Transcribing to Various Available Instrumental Combinations | 741 |
18 | The Preparation of Score and Parts | 757 |
| The Orchestral Score Setup | 757 |
| The Reduced Score | 762 |
| The Condensed Score | 764 |
| Preparing Individual Parts | 766 |
19 | Scoring for Band or Wind Ensemble | 772 |
| Scoring for Band | 772 |
| Band Versus Wind Ensemble | 773 |
| The Percussion Section within the Band or Wind Ensemble | 773 |
| The Band and Wind Ensemble Score Setup | 774 |
| Condensed Scores | 778 |
| Transcribing from Orchestra to Band or Wind Ensemble | 782 |
| Appendices | |
A | Quick Reference Guides | 785 |
| Ranges of the Most Frequently Used Orchestral Instruments | 786 |
| Names of Instruments in Four Languages and Their English Abbreviations | 793 |
| Frequently Used Orchestral Terms in Four Languages | 795 |
B | Select Bibliography | 797 |
| Orchestration | 797 |
| Individual Instrumental Technique | 799 |
| The History of the Orchestra and of Orchestral Instruments | 802 |
| Band and Wind Ensemble Scoring, Film Scoring, and Commercial Arranging | 803 |
| Computer and Electronic Music | 804 |
| Acknowledgments | 807 |
| Index | 815 |