Table of Contents
Part I Nature of the Defect
1 Cerebral Palsy Detection: from John Little to the Present Giovanni Cioni Paola B. Paolicelli 3
Historical Models for the Classification of Cerebral Palsy 8
Traditional Clinical Syndromes 9
Limitations of Traditional Classifications and Perspectives 11
Conclusions 13
References 14
2 Guide to the Interpretation of Cerebral Palsy Adriano Ferrari Silvia Alboresi 17
Definition of Cerebral Palsy 17
Palsy: from a Neurological to a Rehabilitative Diagnosis 18
Cerebral 24
Child CP 25
References 27
Part II Function Analysis
3 Functional Diagnosis in Infants and in Very Young Children: Early Predictive Signs Giovanni Cioni Andrea Guzzetta Vittorio Belmonti 31
Introduction 31
Techniques for the Clinical Assessment of the Neonatal Nervous System 32
Neonatal Neurological Examination: a Novel Approach 34
Conclusions 48
References 50
4 Motor Defects Adriano Ferrari 53
First Level: Motor Modules 54
Second Level: Praxias 60
Third Level: Actions 63
References 70
5 Perceptive Defects Adriano Ferrari 73
Action Organizes Perception 73
Perception Leads Action 74
First Level: Sensations 76
Second Level: Perceptions 80
Third Level: Representations 93
References 96
6 Praxic Organization Disorders Simonetta Muzzini Federico Posteraro Roberta Leonetti 99
Definition of Developmental Dyspraxia and Pathogenetic Hypotheses 99
Dyspraxia and Infantile Cerebral Palsy 101
Motor Control Models 102
Neurophysiological Basis of Action 104
Clinical Hypotheses 106
Assessment: a Clinical Proposal 108
Assessment: an Experimental Methodology 110
Recommendations 112
References 113
7 Visual and Oculomotor Disorders Andrea Guzzetta Francesca Tinelli Ada Bancale Giovanni Cioni 115
Introduction 115
Diagnostic Tools 116
Complex Visuoperceptive Disorders and Correlation between Visual Abnormalities and Other Aspects of Development 132
Main Neuropsychological Tests for the Support of Visuoperceptive Disorders 135
Test for the Evaluation of Visuoperceptive Abilities 136
Cerebral Visual Impairment and Mental/Motor Development! 138
References 139
8 Neuropsychological Evaluation Daniela Brizzolara Paola Brovedani Giovanni Ferretti 143
Introduction 143
Disorders and Factors Associated with CP Influencing Psychological Outcome 143
Cognitive Evaluation in the First Years of Life 146
Neuropsychological Approach to Spastic Diplegia 153
The Neuropsychological Approach to Forms of Infant Hemiplegia 159
Neuropsychological Assessment of Hemiplegia 169
Cognitive Evaluation of Pre-school Age and School Age Children with Tetraplegic and Dyskinetic Forms 170
Conclusions 172
References 172
9 Emotional, Behavioral and Social Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy Gabriele Masi Paola Brovedani 181
Introduction 181
Brain Disorders and Psychopathology 182
Psychopathology of Cerebral Palsy: Epidemiologic Studies 184
Psychopathology of Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Studies 185
Peer Relationships in Hemiplegic Children 187
Cerebral Palsy, Balance Disorders and Anxiety Disorders 188
Treatments 189
Conclusions 190
References 190
10 Observing Interactions Sandra Maestro 193
The Child 194
The Family 196
The Caregiving Team 197
Conclusions 199
References 199
Part III Classification of Spastic Syndromes and Clinical Forms
11 Critical Aspects of Classifications Adriano Ferrari 203
Motor Perspective 206
Dyspraxia 207
Motor Learning 209
Perceptive Perspective 212
Intentionality Perspective 215
References 216
12 Kinematic Classification Adriano Ferrari 219
A New Proposal 229
Conclusions 235
References 238
13 Tetraplegic Forms Adriano Ferrari Manuela Lodesani Simonetta Muzzini Rosa Pascale Silvia Sassi 241
Postural Analysis 241
Posture Organization Disorders 246
Main Forms of Tetraplegia 249
References 272
14 Dysperceptive Forms Silvia Alboresi Vittorio Belmonti Alberto Ferrari Adriano Ferrari 273
Introduction 273
Clinical Features of Perceptual Disturbances in Diplegias (Semiotics) 274
How to Detect Clinical Signs of Perceptual Disorders 280
Some Hypotheses on the Nature of Perceptual Disorders 282
Clinical Aspects of Perceptual Disorders 285
1 The Falling Child 285
2 The Stand-Up Child 288
References 290
15 Forms of Diplegia Adriano Ferrari Manuela Lodesani Silvia Perazza Silvia Sassi 293
Controlling Central Pattern Generators 294
Reducing Speed 294
Four Limb Coordination 294
Stabilization and Achieving Proximal Fixation 295
Modules and Praxes 295
Sensations and Perceptions 295
Upper Cortical Functions 296
Manipulation 296
Muscular Retractions and Articular Deformities 296
Clinical Forms of Diplegia 297
Validation of the Proposed Classification of Diplegia 300
Main Aspect of Each Form of Proposed Classification of Diplegia 305
References 328
16 Forms of Hemiplegia Giovanni Cioni Giuseppina Sgandurra Simonetta Muzzini Paola B. Paolicelli Adriano Ferrari 331
Definition and Prevalence 331
(RE) - Organization of the Sensory-Motor System 334
Clinical Signs of Hemiplegia 339
Classification of Manipulation 343
Main Features of the Four Clinical Forms of Hemiplegia 346
References 353
Subject Index 357