Table of Contents
List of Plates vi
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations viii
Ancient Figures and Modern Estimates ix
Ancient Greek and Roman Authors xi
Maps xiii
Introduction: The Ancient Economy xvii
1 Revenue and the Roman Economy 1
2 Roman Prosperity 18
3 Incense: A Unique Product 28
4 The Intermediaries: Petra and the Nabataeans 50
5 Beyond Egypt: The Nile Route and the African Kingdom of Meroe 59
6 The Red Sea Route 73
7 The Scale and Significance of Indian Ocean Trade 88
8 International Business 95
9 East Africa and the Aksumite Kingdom 113
10 Southern Arabia and the Saba-Himyarites 128
11 Arabia Felix and the Hadramawt Kingdom 140
12 The Indo-Parthians 150
13 The Saka and Satavahana Kingdoms 157
14 The Tamil Kingdoms of Southern India 172
15 The Anuradhapura Kingdom of Sri Lanka and the Far East 196
16 The Antun Embassy to China and the Antonine Pandemic 207
Conclusion: Assessing the Roman Economy 218
Appendix A The Roman Economy 226
Appendix B Reconstructing Roman Revenues 228
Appendix C The Expense of the Roman Legions 230
Notes 232
Bibliography 266
Index 270