1. | Introduction: Of Parameters and Polysynthesis | 3 |
1.1 | Geniuses and Parameters | 6 |
1.2 | An Initial Acquaintance with Mohawk | 9 |
1.3 | Toward a Macroparameter | 14 |
1.4 | Preliminary Evidence for the MVC | 19 |
1.5 | Other Implications and Prospectus | 23 |
1.6 | On Morphological Structure and Syntactic Structure | 27 |
| Notes | 35 |
Part I | Nonconfigurationality | |
2. | The Position of NPs | 41 |
2.1 | All NPs Are Adjuncts | 43 |
2.1.1 | Disjoint Reference Effects | 43 |
2.1.2 | The Absence of NP Anaphors | 49 |
2.1.3 | The Absence of Nonreferential Quantified NPs | 53 |
2.1.4 | Interrogative Constructions | 66 |
2.1.5 | CED Effects | 73 |
2.1.6 | Weak Crossover Effects | 77 |
2.2 | Why NPs Cannot Be in Argument Position | 83 |
| Notes | 89 |
3. | The Licensing of NPs | 96 |
3.1 | Similarities with Clitic Left Dislocation | 98 |
3.1.1 | The Necessity of a Null Pronoun | 98 |
3.1.2 | The NP Is Adjoined | 100 |
3.1.3 | The NP Is Part of a Chain | 102 |
3.1.4 | The NP Is Not Moved | 110 |
3.1.5 | The Adjunct Licensing Condition | 111 |
3.2 | Differences: I. Possible Adjunction Sites | 113 |
3.2.1 | Left Adjunction vs. Right Adjunction | 114 |
3.2.2 | The Category of the Adjoined-to Phrase | 118 |
3.2.3 | Intonational Evidence | 121 |
3.3 | Differences: II. Features of the Adjoined NP | 121 |
3.3.1 | Number | 122 |
3.3.2 | Definiteness | 125 |
3.3.3 | Case | 129 |
3.4 | Conclusion | 132 |
| Notes | 133 |
4. | Discontinuous Constituents | 138 |
4.1 | The Nature of the Problem | 138 |
4.2 | Floated Quantifiers | 144 |
4.2.1 | All-type Quantifiers | 144 |
4.2.2 | A Lot-type Quantifiers | 152 |
4.3 | Operator Constructions | 158 |
4.3.1 | Split Interrogatives | 158 |
4.3.2 | Relative Clauses: Internally Headed and Otherwise | 162 |
4.3.3 | Split Demonstratives | 176 |
4.4 | Conclusion | 180 |
| Notes | 182 |
Part II | Word Structure and Phrase Structure | |
5. | Agreement and Clause Structure | 189 |
5.1 | Introduction | 189 |
5.2 | Case and the Number of Agreement Morphemes | 192 |
5.2.1 | Basic Verb Types | 193 |
5.2.2 | The Location of Agreement | 198 |
5.2.3 | Reflexive Verbs | 199 |
5.3 | Arguments Without Agreement | 203 |
5.4. | The Form of Agreement | 211 |
5.4.1 | Lexically Determined Form | 212 |
5.4.2 | Configurationally Determined Form | 217 |
5.4.3 | Some Refinements | 224 |
5.4.4 | Agreement in Other Languages | 234 |
5.5 | Conclusion | 237 |
| Notes | 238 |
6. | Agreement and the Structure of NP | 244 |
6.1. | The R Argument | 244 |
6.1.1 | Noun Prefixes in Mohawk | 244 |
6.1.2 | Noun Prefixes in Other Languages | 248 |
6.1.3 | The Absence of Determiners | 252 |
6.2. | Other NP-Internal Arguments | 257 |
6.2.1 | The Markedness of Possessor Agreement (Nichols' Problem) | 257 |
6.2.2 | Why Possessor Agreement Is Marked | 260 |
6.2.3 | Dependent-Marked Possessors | 262 |
6.2.4 | Head-Marked Possessors | 265 |
6.2.5 | Noun Complements | 271 |
6.3 | Conclusion | 273 |
| Notes | 274 |
7. | Noun Incorporation | 279 |
7.1. | The Cross-linguistic Distribution of NI | 280 |
7.1.1 | Why Some Languages Cannot Have NI | 280 |
7.1.2 | How NI Satisfies the MVC | 283 |
7.2 | The Semantics of NI | 287 |
7.3. | The Language-Internal Distribution of NI | 291 |
7.3.1 | The Basic Generalization | 291 |
7.3.2 | Problems With the Previous Analysis | 295 |
7.3.3 | Goal Incorporation | 297 |
7.3.4 | Theme Incorporation | 300 |
7.3.5 | Agent Incorporation | 303 |
7.4 | The Syntactic Nature of NI | 306 |
7.4.1 | A Preliminary Comparison | 307 |
7.4.2 | Agreement and the Null Argument | 314 |
7.4.3 | Disjoint Reference Effects | 320 |
7.4.4 | NI and Questions | 322 |
7.4.5 | NI and Agreement in Other Languages | 326 |
7.5 | Conclusion | 329 |
| Notes | 330 |
8. | Complex Predicates | 338 |
8.1 | Limitations on Possessor Raising | 339 |
8.2 | Morphological Causatives | 348 |
8.2.1 | Limitations on the Mohawk Causative | 348 |
8.2.2 | The "Light" Causative Construction | 352 |
8.2.3 | Causatives in Other Languages | 361 |
8.2.4 | Conclusions | 372 |
8.3 | Control Constructions | 374 |
8.3.1 | The Mohawk Purposive | 374 |
8.3.2 | Other Languages | 380 |
8.3.3 | Distinguishing Control From LVCs | 383 |
8.4 | Adjectival Predicates and Possessor Raising | 384 |
8.5 | Conclusion | 389 |
| Notes | 391 |
Part III | Nonnominal Categories | |
9. | Adpositional Phrases | 399 |
9.1 | The Internal Structure of PPs | 400 |
9.1.1 | The Argument Structure of the P | 400 |
9.1.2 | The P-Complement Relation | 405 |
9.1.3 | The Possessor of the Complement | 410 |
9.2 | The External Distribution of PPs | 414 |
9.2.1 | The Impossibility of PP Arguments | 416 |
9.2.2 | The Licensing of Adjunct PPs | 422 |
9.2.3 | The Null Adposition | 424 |
9.3 | Applicative Constructions | 426 |
9.3.1 | Higher-Predicate Applicatives | 432 |
9.3.2 | Adpositional Applicatives | 439 |
9.4 | Conclusion | 445 |
| Notes | 446 |
10. | Embedded Clauses | 452 |
10.1. | The Distribution of Argument Clauses | 452 |
10.1.1 | Clausal Subjects | 454 |
10.1.2 | Clausal Complements | 458 |
10.1.3 | Nominalization | 465 |
10.1.4 | Predicting the Patterns | 469 |
10.2. | The Internal Structure of Clauses | 471 |
10.2.1 | The Absence of Infinitives | 472 |
10.2.2 | Alleged Examples of Infinitives | 475 |
10.2.3 | Implications for Control | 484 |
10.3 | Conclusion | 491 |
| Notes | 492 |
11. | Conclusion: On the Nature of Parameterization | 496 |
11.1 | Is There a Macroparameter? | 496 |
11.2 | Are There Other Macroparameters? | 504 |
11.3 | Why Are There Macroparameters? | 506 |
11.3.1 | A Biological Explanation | 508 |
11.3.2 | A Sociological Explanation | 510 |
11.3.3 | A Theological Explanation | 512 |
| Notes | 515 |
Appendix A. | Abbreviations | 517 |
Appendix B. | Orthography and Pronunciation | 522 |
Appendix C. | Sources and Methods | 524 |
| References | 527 |
| Index | 539 |