Table of Contents
Preface ix
List of Abbreviations xi
The Contributors xxv
Part I Linguistic Fundamentals
1 Phonology Steven Bird Jeffrey Heinz 3
2 Morphology Kemal Oflazer 29
3 Lexis Patrick Hanks 49
4 Syntax Ronald M. Kaplan 74
5 Semantics David Beaver Joey Frazee 94
6 Discourse Massimo Poesio 131
7 Pragmatics Christopher Potts 157
8 Dialogue Raquel Fernández 179
Part II Computational Fundamentals: Methods and Resources
9 Mathematical Foundations: Formal Grammars and Languages Leonor Becerra-Bonache Gemma Bel-Enguix M. Dolores Jiménez-López Carlos Martín-Vide 207
10 Finite-State Technology Mans Hulden 230
11 Statistical Methods: Fundamentals Christer Samuelsson Sanja Štajner 255
12 Statistical Models for Natural Language Processing Kenneth Church 289
13 Machine Learning Raymond J. Mooney 311
14 Word Representation Omer Levy 334
15 Deep Learning Kyunghyun Cho 359
16 Similarity Rada Mihalcea Samer Hassan 415
17 Evaluation Rebecca J. Passonneau Inderjeet Mani 435
18 Sublanguages and Controlled Languages Richard I. Kittredge 454
19 Lexicography Patrick Hanks 473
20 Corpora Tony McEnery 494
21 Corpus Annotation Eduard Hovy 508
22 Ontologies Roberto Navigli 518
Part III Language Processing Tasks
23 Text Segmentation Andrei Mikheev 549
24 Part-of-Speech Tagging Dan Tufis Radu Ion 565
25 Parsing John Carroll 587
26 Semantic Role Labelling Martha Palmer Sameer Pradhan Nianwen Xue 607
27 Word Sense Disambiguation Eneko Agirre Mark Stevenson 627
28 Computational Treatment of Multiword Expressions Carlos Ramisch Aline Villavicencio 649
29 Textual Entailment Sebastian Padó Ido Dagan 679
30 Anaphora Resolution Ruslan Mitkov 707
31 Temporal Processing Inderjeet Mani 730
32 Natural Language Generation John Bateman Michael Zock 747
33 Speech Recognition Lori Lamel Jean-Luc Gauvain 770
34 Text-to-Speech Synthesis Thierry Dutoit Yannis Stylianou 789
Part IV NLP Applications
35 Machine Translation Lucia Specia Yorick Wilks 817
36 Translation Technology Lynne Bowker Gloria Corpas Pastor 871
37 Information Retrieval Qiaozhu Mei Dragomir Radev 906
38 Information Extraction Ralph Grishman 934
39 Question Answering John Prager 951
40 Text Summarization Eduard Hovy 972
41 Term Extraction Ioannis Korkontzelos Sophia Ananiadou 991
42 Web Text Mining Ricardo Baeza-Yates Roi Blanco Malú Castellanos 1013
43 Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis Eric Breck Claire Cardie 1031
44 Spoken Language Dialogue Systems Robert Dale 1054
45 Multimodal Systems Elisabeth André Jean-Claude Martin 1071
46 Automated Writing Assistance Robert Dale 1091
47 Text Simplification Horacio Saggion 1114
48 Natural Language Processing for Biomedical Texts Kevin B. Cohen 1133
49 Author Profiling and Related Applications Michael P. Oakes 1165
50 Recent Developments in Natural Language Processing Constantin Orasan Ruslan Mitkov 1198
Glossary 1243
Index 1291