The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation
A neuroscientific perspective on the mind–body problem that focuses on how the brain actually accomplishes mental causation.

The issues of mental causation, consciousness, and free will have vexed philosophers since Plato. In this book, Peter Tse examines these unresolved issues from a neuroscientific perspective. In contrast with philosophers who use logic rather than data to argue whether mental causation or consciousness can exist given unproven first assumptions, Tse proposes that we instead listen to what neurons have to say.

Tse draws on exciting recent neuroscientific data concerning how informational causation is realized in physical causation at the level of NMDA receptors, synapses, dendrites, neurons, and neuronal circuits. He argues that a particular kind of strong free will and “downward” mental causation are realized in rapid synaptic plasticity. Such informational causation cannot change the physical basis of information realized in the present, but it can change the physical basis of information that may be realized in the immediate future. This gets around the standard argument against free will centered on the impossibility of self-causation. Tse explores the ways that mental causation and qualia might be realized in this kind of neuronal and associated information-processing architecture, and considers the psychological and philosophical implications of having such an architecture realized in our brains.

"1119329394"
The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation
A neuroscientific perspective on the mind–body problem that focuses on how the brain actually accomplishes mental causation.

The issues of mental causation, consciousness, and free will have vexed philosophers since Plato. In this book, Peter Tse examines these unresolved issues from a neuroscientific perspective. In contrast with philosophers who use logic rather than data to argue whether mental causation or consciousness can exist given unproven first assumptions, Tse proposes that we instead listen to what neurons have to say.

Tse draws on exciting recent neuroscientific data concerning how informational causation is realized in physical causation at the level of NMDA receptors, synapses, dendrites, neurons, and neuronal circuits. He argues that a particular kind of strong free will and “downward” mental causation are realized in rapid synaptic plasticity. Such informational causation cannot change the physical basis of information realized in the present, but it can change the physical basis of information that may be realized in the immediate future. This gets around the standard argument against free will centered on the impossibility of self-causation. Tse explores the ways that mental causation and qualia might be realized in this kind of neuronal and associated information-processing architecture, and considers the psychological and philosophical implications of having such an architecture realized in our brains.

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The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation

The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation

by Peter Ulric Tse
The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation

The Neural Basis of Free Will: Criterial Causation

by Peter Ulric Tse

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Overview

A neuroscientific perspective on the mind–body problem that focuses on how the brain actually accomplishes mental causation.

The issues of mental causation, consciousness, and free will have vexed philosophers since Plato. In this book, Peter Tse examines these unresolved issues from a neuroscientific perspective. In contrast with philosophers who use logic rather than data to argue whether mental causation or consciousness can exist given unproven first assumptions, Tse proposes that we instead listen to what neurons have to say.

Tse draws on exciting recent neuroscientific data concerning how informational causation is realized in physical causation at the level of NMDA receptors, synapses, dendrites, neurons, and neuronal circuits. He argues that a particular kind of strong free will and “downward” mental causation are realized in rapid synaptic plasticity. Such informational causation cannot change the physical basis of information realized in the present, but it can change the physical basis of information that may be realized in the immediate future. This gets around the standard argument against free will centered on the impossibility of self-causation. Tse explores the ways that mental causation and qualia might be realized in this kind of neuronal and associated information-processing architecture, and considers the psychological and philosophical implications of having such an architecture realized in our brains.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780262313162
Publisher: MIT Press
Publication date: 02/22/2013
Series: The MIT Press
Sold by: Penguin Random House Publisher Services
Format: eBook
Pages: 472
File size: 2 MB
Age Range: 18 Years

About the Author

Peter Ulric Tse is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2014.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Falsifiable Predictions of the Burst Packet Theory of Attention and Consciousness xv

1 Introduction: The Mind-Body Problem Will Be Solved by Neuroscience 1

2 Overview of the Arguments 11

3 A Criterial Neuronal Code Underlies Downward Mental Causation and Free Will 19

What Is Will? 20

What Is Criterial Causation? 22

4 Neurons Impose Physical and Informational Criteria for Firing on Their Inputs 31

How Can Neurons Realize Informational Criteria? 31

The Bottom-Up Information-Processing Hierarchy for Visual Recognition 36

Decision Making and Action 43

Attention and Top-Down Modulation of Bottom-Up Processing 44

Basic Issues in Neuronal Information Processing: Balancing Excitation and Inhibition 50

Tonic versus Phasic Firing 53

The Sweet Spot of Neural Criticality 57

Synchrony among Inhibitory Interneurons 58

Attentional Binding and Gamma Oscillations 60

Attentional Binding by Neuronal Bursting 64

Neural Epiconnectivity and Rapid Synaptic Resetting 67

Amplifying Microscopic Randomness to Spike Timing Variability 72

5 NMDA Receptors and a Neuronal Code Based on Bursting 79

Spiny and Nonspiny Neurons 79

The NMDA Receptor 81

Long-Term Potentiation Is Not the Mechanism of Rapid Synaptic Plasticity 83

Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity 87

The Role of Back-Propagating Action Potentials in Rapid Synaptic Plasticity and Bursting 89

A Neuronal Burst Code 98

Attentional Binding by Bursting: The Role of Cholinergic Feedback 103

Attentional Binding by Bursting: The Role of Noncholinergic Feedback 108

Conclusion 114

6 Mental Causation as an Instance of Criterial Causation 115

Criterial Causation and the Detection of Patterns in Input 115

Criterial Causation: Multiple Realizability Is Not Enough 119

Addressing Kim's Challenge 123

There Is No Backward Causation in Criterial Causation 127

Criterial Causation Is a Causation of Pattern-Released Activity 129

7 Criterial Causation Offers a Neural Basis for Free Will 133

Strong Free Will 133

Criterial Causation Escapes the Basic Argument against Free Will 135

James and Incompatibilist Physicalist Libertarianism 144

Decision Making and Choice 146

Conclusion 148

8 Implications of Criterial Causality for Mental Representation 151

The Neural Code Is Not Algorithmic 151

Criterialism, Descriptivism, and Reference 153

Countering Kripke's Attack 156

Wittgenstein and Criteria 159

Propositions and Vectorial Encodings 162

Mental Operations versus Mental Representations 164

Beyond Functionalism 165

9 Barking Up the Wrong Free: Readiness Potentials and the Role of Conscious Willing 169

Libet's Experiments Do Not Disprove the Possibility of Free Will 169

Is Conscious Willing Causal? 173

Illusions of Volitional Efficacy 177

10 The Roles of Attention and Consciousness in Criterial Causation 183

Why Are There Qualia? 185

Iconic versus Working Memory 189

Stage 1 Qualia as Precompiled Informational Outputs of Preconscious Operations 192

Qualia as a Shared Format for Endogenous Attentional Operations 196

Experience Is for Endogenously Attending, Doing, and Planning 198

Volitional Attentional Tracking Requires Consciousness 200

If an Animal Can Attentionally Track, Is It Conscious? 209

Volitional Attention Can Alter Qualia 212

Qualia and Chunking: Types of Qualia 217

Qualia and the Frontoparietal Network 225

The Superpositionality of Qualia 233

Zombies Are Impossible 236

Tying It All Together 237

Appendix 1 Physical Evidence for Ontological Indeterminism 241

Appendix 2 Ontological Indeterminism Undermines Kim's Argument against the Logical Possibility of Mental Causation 247

Appendix 3 Why There Are No Necessary A posteriori Propositions 257

Notes 261

Glossary 289

References 309

Author Index 411

Subject Index 443

What People are Saying About This

Christof Koch

Peter Tse boldly attacks the problem of how conscious thoughts can influence the world. His book is not a repetition of eristic yet ultimately tired logical arguments dating back to the ancient Greeks. It's a breath of fresh air, examining the biophysics of synapses and neurons, to offer a testable hypothesis of how the mental causes the physical.

Endorsement

This book is a fascinating, philosophically informed exploration of the neural underpinnings of mental causation, mental representation, consciousness, and free will. Tse's approach is tough-minded, open-minded, and refreshing. We've heard from several neuroscientists recently that free will is an illusion. Tse ably defends an opposing view.

Alfred Mele, Department of Philosophy, Florida State University

From the Publisher

Peter Tse boldly attacks the problem of how conscious thoughts can influence the world. His book is not a repetition of eristic yet ultimately tired logical arguments dating back to the ancient Greeks. It's a breath of fresh air, examining the biophysics of synapses and neurons, to offer a testable hypothesis of how the mental causes the physical.

Christof Koch, chief scientific officer, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle; author of Consciousness: Confessions of a Romantic Reductionist

Peter Tse gives us a full frontal assault on the neuroscience of the will. He brings in the relevant science and shows how mental causation is neuronal causation—detailing where, how, and why it happens. A fascinating read for serious neuroscientists and philosophers.

Patrick Cavanagh, Professeur des universités, Université Paris Descartes, and Research Professor, Harvard University and Dartmouth College

This book is a fascinating, philosophically informed exploration of the neural underpinnings of mental causation, mental representation, consciousness, and free will. Tse's approach is tough-minded, open-minded, and refreshing. We've heard from several neuroscientists recently that free will is an illusion. Tse ably defends an opposing view.

Alfred Mele, Department of Philosophy, Florida State University

Patrick Cavanagh

Peter Tse gives us a full frontal assault on the neuroscience of the will. He brings in the relevant science and shows how mental causation is neuronal causation—detailing where, how, and why it happens. A fascinating read for serious neuroscientists and philosophers.

Alfred Mele

This book is a fascinating, philosophically informed exploration of the neural underpinnings of mental causation, mental representation, consciousness, and free will. Tse's approach is tough-minded, open-minded, and refreshing. We've heard from several neuroscientists recently that free will is an illusion. Tse ably defends an opposing view.

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