Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Dedication xii
Introduction xiii
Historical context xiii
A new approach xiii
Motivation xiv
Overview of the most important findings xiv
Reuniting physics and chemistry xv
Logic and the scientific method xvi
This is a work in progress xvii
How to read this book xvii
Part I 1
1 Setup 3
1.1 The Rutherford/Bohr model of the atom 3
1.2 The neutron 4
1.3 Initial definitions 4
1.4 Structures with spherical dense packing 5
1.5 Introducing some simple nuclear reactions 8
2 Developing the elements in SAM 11
2.1 Looking at the first elements 13
2.2 Element stability and abundance 17
2.3 Preferred configurations 19
2.4 A first look at the positions of the inner electrons 21
2.5 Metastable isotopes and elements 22
2.6 Distorting the perfect shape 23
2.7 Balancing the nucleus 27
2.8 Structurally required extra PEPs 28
2.9 Some thoughts on nobility 29
2.10 Growth beyond the noble state 30
2.11 Moving from nucleus to nucleus 31
2.12 Growth patterns of the overall structure 35
2.13 Rethinking element creation 39
2.14 Inner electrons 40
2.15 Outer electrons 42
2.16 Thoughts on the number of inner electrons 44
2.17 β- and β+ decay steps in greater detail 45
2.18 Roads not taken 50
2.19 Valence and oxidation states 51
2.20 Element similarities and the cycle-of-eight 54
2.21 Summary 64
3 Heavier elements of the PTE 65
3.1 Branching and elongation 65
3.2 Colliding branches 67
3.3 Looking at lanthanides and actinides 67
3.4 What happens with heavier isotopes? 69
3.5 The rules of the backbone structure 70
3.6 Summary 72
4 Further advancements 73
4.1 Loading elements with proton-electron pairs 73
4.2 Refining the isomer definition 77
4.3 Notation systems for elements 78
4.4 The deuteron and single proton count 78
4.5 Chemical bonds 85
4.6 Summary 88
5 Other known aspects of elements 91
5.1 Electrical conductivity 91
5.2 Electron affinity 92
5.3 Nuclear magnetic moment and spin 93
5.4 The shell model of currently accepted theory 96
5.5 Are there "shells" in SAM? 99
5.6 Paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and ferromagnetism 99
5.7 Summary 100
6 Interim conclusions 103
6.1 Chemistry and nuclear physics 103
6.2 Three classes of electrons 104
6.3 New element numbering system 104
6.4 Unknown elements missing in the current PTE 104
6.5 What is still to come? 105
Part II 107
7 Views of the Standard Model 109
7.1 Other models of the atom 109
7.2 Nuclear structure and quantum mechanics 113
7.3 Standard Model understanding of binding energy 115
8 Elemental forces and energies in the nucleus 127
8.1 Atomic and nucleon radii 127
8.2 Electric forces and potential energy 128
8.3 More thoughts on outer electrons 129
8.4 Potential energy versus binding energy 130
9 Binding energy and mass defect in SAM 131
9.1 First-order organizational pattern 131
9.2 Second-order organiaational pattern 131
9.3 Third-order and fourth-order organizational pattern 132
9.4 Line calculation 134
9.5 Stress energy 138
9.6 SAM Semi-Empirical Binding Energy Formula 139
9.7 Can SAM line binding energy help with the ffuorine-18 situation? 139
10 A macroscopic view 141
10.1 Element abundances 141
10.2 Thoughts on element creation and the Universe 142
10.3 Plasma 144
11 Simple nuclear reactions revisited 147
11.1 What is the cause of radioactive decay? 147
11.2 β-decay/electron emission 148
11.3 Double β- decay/electron emission 150
11.4 β+ decay/electron capture 151
11.5 Double β+ decay/electron capture 153
11.6 PEP emission 154
11.7 Proton emission 154
11.8 α decay 155
11.9 α capture 155
11.10 PEP capture 156
11.11 Proton capture 158
11.12 Element buildup revisited 161
11.13 β decay and nuclear structure 162
12 Fusion 165
12.1 Viability of fusion 165
12.2 Energy calculations for fusion 166
12.3 How realistic are fusion scenarios? 175
12.4 Where does fusion happen? 175
13 Fission 177
13.1 A little bit of history 177
13.2 Process details 177
13.3 The asymmetric breakup of the nucleus 178
13.4 Energy release during fission 182
13.5 Structural thoughts and other fission releases 184
13.6 The thorium cycle 184
14 Lessons learned 187
14.1 Some very basic questions 188
14.2 Are there missing elements? 189
15 Transmutation 195
15.1 Transmutation and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions 195
15.2 Transmutation during historical times 197
15.3 Transmutation in nature-biology 197
15.4 Transmutation in nature-geology 198
15.5 Transmutation and the abundance of elements 204
15.6 Transmutation in experiments 205
15.7 A small peek into the LENR community 222
15.8 SAM and LENR 223
15.9 Experiments for a breakthrough in LENR 223
16 A deeper look at LENR 225
16.1 Introduction 225
16.2 Summary of the SAM model for LENR 226
16.3 Conclusion 230
17 The nature of the atom 233
Appendices 237
Index 265
