Table of Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgments xvi
Abbreviation List xviii
1 Origins of Evil in Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition: The Interpretation of Genesis 6:1-4 in the Second and Third Centuries B. C. E. 1
Introduction 1
A Interpretive Possibilities in the Biblical Tradition 3
B The Euhemeristic Citations Preserved through Alexander Polyhistor 7
C The Early Enoch Tradition 12
C.1 Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 3-36) 12
C.2 Book of Giants 17
C.3 Animal Apocalypse (1 Enoch 85-90) 21
C.4 Apocalypse of Weeks (1 Enoch 93:1-10 + 91:11-17) 23
D The Book of Jubilees 24
D.1 The Location of the Angels' Transgression 26
D.2 The Purpose of the Flood 27
D.3 The Residual Effect of Past Punishment of Evil 29
D.4 The Disobedient Angels' Teachings 31
Conclusion 33
2 Giant Mythology and Demonology: From the Ancient Near East to the Dead Sea Scrolls 36
A Introduction 36
B Profiles of Individual Giants 41
B.1 An Uncertain Name 41
B.2 Ahiram 41
B.3 Mahaway 41
B.4 'Ohyah and Hahyah 43
B.5 Hobabis/š 44
B.6 Gilgames/š 49
C General Profile of the Giants from the Early Enochic Traditions 55
D Conclusion 57
3 The Lamech Narrative in the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen) and 1 Enoch 106-107: A Tradition-Historical Study of Two Ancient Accounts about Noah's Birth 58
A Introduction 58
B 1Q19 and 1Q19bis, 4Q534-536, and Genesis Apocryphon vi 1-5 59
B.1 1Q19 and 1Q19bis 59
B.2 4Q534-536 61
B.3 Genesis Apocryphon vi 1-5 62
C Genesis Apocryphon (1Q20 ii-v 27) and Birth of Noah: An Overview and Comparison 63
C.1 Lamech's Initial Reaction to His Child 64
C.2 Marital Altercation 65
C.3 Lamech's Wife's Name 65
C.4 The Description of Lamech's Child 65
C.5 Designations for the Suspected Progenitor of Noah 66
C.6 Lamech's Consultation with Methuselah 69
C.7 Methuselah's Journey and Report to Enoch 70
C.8 Enoch's Explanation to Methuselah 73
C.9 The Conclusion: Methuselah Brings Enoch's Message back to Lamech 74
D Conclusion 75
4 Demonic Beings and the Dead Sea Scrolls 78
A Introduction 78
B Demonic Origins in the Enochic Tradition and Its Early Influence 80
C "Demons", "Spirits" and "Angels" in the Dead Sea Scrolls 85
C.1 "Demon" (sed) 85
C.2 "Spirit" (ruah) 87
C.3 "Angel" (mal'ak) 90
D Chief Demonic Beings 92
D.1 Melki-reša 92
D.2 "The Angel of Darkness" (&cgpE;&cgpP;&cgpH;&cgpA; &cgpE;&cgpI;&cgpN;&cgpS;) 93
D.3 "Satan" (&cgpK;&cgpV;&cgpX;) 94
D.4 and D.5 "Mastema" and "Belial" 95
D.4 Mastema 96
D.5 Belial 98
E Conclusion 100
5 Early Enochic and Daniel Traditions in the Dead Sea Scrolls 103
A Introduction 103
B The Pseudo-Danielic Fragments (4Q243-245) 106
B.1 4QPseudo-Daniela-b (4Q243-244) 106
B.2 4QPseudo-Danielc (4Q245) 110
C The Book of Giants 112
C.1 4QBook of Grantsb (4Q530 2 ii + 6-12(?) lines 15b-20) 112
D Conclusion 118
6 The Book of Tobit and the Problem of "Magic" 120
1 Early Jewish Traditions Opposed to the Use of Medicines 121
2 The Legitimation of Medicine in Second Temple Judaism 123
3 The Medico-Magical Cures in the Book of Tobit 124
Conclusions 129
7 To What Extent Did Philo's Treatment of Enoch and the Giants Presuppose Knowledge of Enochic and Other Sources Preserved in the Dead Sea Scrolls? 131
8 Conflicting Stories: The Spirit Origin of Jesus' Birth 142
Introduction: Posing the Question 142
Jesus' Conception: pre-Gospel Tradition 147
The Holy Spirit and Jesus' Birth 150
Conclusion 159
9 The Human Being and Demonic Invasion: Therapeutic Models in Ancient Jewish and Christian Texts 161
Introduction 161
Coming to Terms with Jesus' Exorcisms: Contemporary Interpretation 164
Jesus' Ministry against the Demonic: An Overview 168
God, Demons and Humans in the Jesus Tradition 171
The Demonic in Apocalyptic Perspective 179
Jewish Apocalyptic Perspective and the Gospel Traditions: What this Means for Understanding Mental Illness 182
Conclusion 185
10 The Need for Protection from the Evil One and John's Gospel 187
A Introduction: Language for "Evil" in the Fourth Gospel 187
B The Problem: The Need for Protection from "the Evil One" 189
C The Ruler of this World in the Fourth Gospel 192
D The Prayer of Jesus in John Chapter 17 and Its Petitionary Character 194
E The Gospel of John in Context: Protection from Demonic Power in an Age of Evil in Second Temple Jewish Tradition 197
E.1 Serekh ha-Yahad 198
E.2 Serekh ha-Milhamah 199
E.3 Songs of the Maskil 199
E.4 Prayer of Deliverance (11Q5 col. xix) 200
E.5 Aramaic Levi Document 203
E.6 Jubilees 10:3-6 206
E.7 Jubilees 12:19-20 208
F From Jewish Tradition to Jesus' Petitions in John 17: Conclusion 211
G Post-scrip turn 213
11 The "Cleansing" of the Gentiles: Background for the Rationale behind the Apostles' Decree 216
The Question 216
The Nations in the Hebrew Bible 219
1 Enoch 10:20-22: the Worship of God by All Humanity 221
The Enochic Tradition and Acts 228
The Treatise on the Two Spirits (1QS iii 13 - iv 26) 230
Conclusion 239
12 Posturing "Apocalyptic" in Pauline Theology: How Much Contrast to Jewish Tradition? 240
1 Introduction 240
2 The "Two Ages" of Jewish Tradition and Pauline Scholarship 243
2.A Ernst Käsemann 245
2.B Johann Christiaan Beker 246
2.C J. Louis Martyn 247
2.D James D. G. Dunn 248
3 Models of Eschatology in Second Temple "Apocalyptic" Thought 250
4 Conclusion 255
13 Why Should Women Cover Their Heads Because of the Angels? (1 Corinthians 11:10) 257
A Introduction 257
B Problem Areas for Interpretation 258
B.1 Inconsistency 258
B.2 Incomplete Knowledge about the Corinthian Situation 259
B.3 Background in Contemporary Social Customs 260
B.4 Problematic Terms 262
C Summary and the Nature of Gender Equality in Paul 265
D Paul's Arguments for Head "Covering" 267
E Why, then, "on account of the angels"? 269
Conclusion 279
14 The Apocalypse of John, 1 Enoch, and the Question of Influence (with Mark D. Mathews) 281
A Introduction 281
B Comparison and Analysis 284
C Conclusions 321
Cumulative Bibliography 327
Index of Passages 359
Index of Modern Authors 403
Index of Subjects 410