Table of Contents
List of Excursuses x
Editor's Preface xi
Editor's Preface to the First Edition xiii
Author's Preface xv
Author's Preface to the First Edition xvii
Abbreviations xix
Bibliography xxxi
Introduction 1
I General Circumstances 1
A Paul 1
B The Christian Community in Rome 3
II Integrity, Literary History, And Text 5
III Audience 8
IV Nature And Genre 12
V Purpose 14
A Focusing on Paul's Circumstances 15
1 Spain 15
2 Corinth/Galatia 16
3 Jerusalem 16
B Focusing on Problems in Rome 17
VI Theme 21
A The Theological Starting Point 22
B The Conceptual Framework 23
C The Theme 25
VII Text And Translation 29
A Papyri 29
B Uncials 29
C Minuscules 30
VIII Structure 30
IX Analysis Of Romans 31
Text And Commentary 37
I The Letter Opening (1:1-17) 37
A Prescript (1:1-7) 37
B Thanksgiving and Occasion: Paul and the Romans (1:8-15) 58
C The Theme of the Letter (1:16-17) 66
II The Heart Of The Gospel: Justification By Faith (1:18-4:25) 101
A The Universal Reign of Sin (1:18-3:20) 102
1 All Persons Are Accountable to God for Sin (1:18-32) 106
2 Jews Are Accountable to God for Sin (2:1-3:8) 135
a The Jews and the Judgment of God (2:1-16) 137
i Critique of Jewish Presumption (2:1-5) 138
ii The Impartiality of Judgment (2:6-11) 145
iii Judgment and the Law (2:12-16) 154
b The Limitations of the Covenant (2:17-29) 166
i The Law (2:17-24) 168
ii Circumcision (2:25-29) 176
c God's Faithfulness and the Judgment of Jews (3:1-8) 186
3 The Guilt of All Humanity (3:9-20) 206
B Justification by Faith (3:21-4:25) 237
1 Justification and the Righteousness of God (3:21-26) 238
2 "By Faith Alone" (3:27-4:25) 264
a "By Faith Alone": Initial Statement (3:27-31) 266
b "By Faith Alone": Elaboration with Respect to Abraham (4:1-25) 277
i Faith and Works (4:1-8) 279
ii Faith and Circumcision (4:9-12) 292
iii Faith Promise, and the Law (4:13-22) 296
iv The Faith of Abraham and the Faith of the Christian (4:23-25) 312
III The Assurance Provided By The Gospel: The Hope Of Salvation (5:1-8:39) 316
A The Hope of Glory (5:1-21) 323
1 From Justification to Salvation (5:1-11) 323
2 The Reign of Grace and Life (5:12-21) 342
B Freedom from Bondage to Sin (6:1-23) 376
1 "Dead to Sin" through Union with Christ (6:1-14) 378
2 Freed from Sin's Power to Serve Righteousness (6:15-23) 422
C Freedom from Bondage to the Law (7:1-25) 434
1 Released from the Law, Joined to Christ (7:1-6) 436
2 The History and Experience of Israel under the Law (7:7-25) 448
a The Coming of the Law (7:7-12) 456
b Life under the Law (7:13-25) 465
D Assurance of Eternal Life in the Spirit (8:1-30) 491
1 The Spirit of Life (8:1-13) 493
2 The Spirit of Adoption (8:14-17) 518
3 The Spirit of Glory (8:18-30) 529
E The Believer's Security Celebrated (8:31-39) 559
IV The Defense Of The Gospel: The Problem Of Israel (9:1-11:36) 569
A Introduction: The Tension between God's Promises and Israel's Plight (9:1-5) 575
B Defining the Promise (1): God's Sovereign Election (9:6-29) 589
1 The Israel within Israel (9:6-13) 590
2 Objections Answered: The Freedom and Purpose of God (9:14-23) 609
3 God's Calling of a New People: Israel and the Gentiles (9:24-29) 629
C Understanding Israel's Plight: Christ as the Climax of Salvation History (9:30-10:21) 636
1 Israel, the Gentiles, and the Righteousness of God (9:30-10:13) 638
a The Righteousness of God and the "Law of Righteousness" (9:30-33) 639
b The Righteousness of God and "Their Own Righteousness" (10:1-4) 649
c Gospel and Law (10:5-13) 661
2 Israel's Accountability (10:14-21) 679
D Transitional Summary: Israel, the "Elect," and the "Hardened" (11:1-10) 688
E Defining the Promise (2): The Future of Israel (11:11-32) 701
1 God's Purpose in Israel's Rejection (11:11-15) 703
2 The Interrelationship of Jews and Gentiles: A Warning to Gentile Believers (11:16-24) 714
3 The Salvation of "All Israel" (11:25-32) 727
F Conclusion: Praise to God in Light of His Awesome Plan (11:33-36) 758
V The Transforming Power Of The Gospel: Christian Conduct (12:1-15:13) 763
A The Heart of the Matter: Total Transformation (12:1-2) 766
B Humility and Mutual Service (12:3-8) 777
C Love and Its Manifestations (12:9-21) 788
D The Christian and Secular Rulers (13:1-7) 807
E Love and the Law (13:8-10) 826
F Living in Light of the Day (13:11-14) 834
G A Plea for Unity (14:1-15:13) 843
1 Serving the Same Lord (14:1-12) 849
2 Giving Priority to Kingdom Values (14:13-23) 865
3 Following Christ's Example of Other Regard (15:1-6) 880
4 God's Design of United Praise (15:7-13) 888
VI The Letter Closing (15:14-16:27) 901
A Paul's Ministry and Travel Plans (15:14-33) 902
1 Looking Back: Paul's Ministry in the East (15:14-21) 903
2 Looking Ahead: Jerusalem, Rome, and Spain (15:22-29) 914
3 A Request for Prayer (15:30-33) 923
B Greetings (16:1-23) 928
1 Commendation of Phoebe (16:1-2) 928
2 Greetings to Roman Christians (16:3-16) 932
3 A Warning, a Promise, and a Prayer for Grace (16:17-20) 943
4 Greetings from Paul's Companions (16:21-23) 949
C Concluding Doxology (16:25-27) 952
Index of Subjects 957
Index of Authors 978
Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Texts 981