Table of Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Abbreviations xi
Introduction xiii
1 Historical Development of the Law of the Sea 1
Evolution of the Customary Legal Regime 1
UNCLOS I and II 6
The Exploitability Clause 11
The Movement Toward Internationalization 14
2 Preparations for UNCLOS III 22
The Ad Hoc Committee 22
The Seabed Committee (1969-73) 27
Economic and Technological Developments 40
U.S. Policy 42
The Group of 77 47
3 The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 51
First Session 1973 (New York) 51
Second Session 1974 (Caracas) 52
Third Session 1975 (Geneva) 55
Fourth Session 1976 (New York) 59
Fifth Session 1976 (New York) 62
Sixth Session 1977 (New York) 65
Seventh Session 1978 (Geneva and New York) 68
Eighth Session 1979 (Geneva and New York) 72
Ninth Session 1980 (New York and Geneva) 74
Tenth Session 1981 (New York and Geneva) 78
Eleventh Session 1982 (New York) 80
The Preparatory Commission 83
Post-Conference Diplomacy 91
4 The U.S. Objections Examined 96
Technology Transfer 96
Revenue Sharing 103
Production Controls 108
Supranationality 117
Decisionmaking Procedures 124
Assured Access 132
Competitive Balance 141
Precedent 148
5 The Legal Status of Deep Seabed Resources 155
The U.S. Position 155
Adequacy of the Alternative Regime 157
Legal Effect of the Declaration of Principles 160
The Convention as Binding International Law 162
Customary Law Outside the Convention 166
The United States as Persistent Objector 170
Grotius Reconsidered 173
The Theoretical Case for a Res Communis Regime 176
The Historical Case for a Res Communis Regime 178
Res Communis as a Peremptory Norm 183
6 U.S. Interests in the Balance 190
Marine Resources 191
Navigation 194
Scientific Research 197
Environmental Protection 199
World Order 201
Conclusions 205
Notes 207
Bibliography 437
Books 437
Articles 442
Public Documents 460
International Agreements 466
Cases 467
Statutes and Regulations 467
Index 469
