- ISBN-10:
- 1849468818
- ISBN-13:
- 9781849468817
- Pub. Date:
- 04/21/2016
- Publisher:
- Bloomsbury Academic
- ISBN-10:
- 1849468818
- ISBN-13:
- 9781849468817
- Pub. Date:
- 04/21/2016
- Publisher:
- Bloomsbury Academic
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$245.00Overview
The purpose of this legal textbook is to explain the law as clearly as possible. In practice rights of light issues and disputes involve technical subjects and inevitably answers to these questions require the expertise of technical experts such as light surveyors. An attempt is made in the book to explain from a non-technical point of view the way in which measurements and calculations are carried out in this area. It is therefore hoped that the book will be of use to lawyers as well as to landowners who may not always understand these technical subjects and to surveyors who may not always be familiar with the legal concepts and difficulties involved in the area of the law of rights of light.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781849468817 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
| Publication date: | 04/21/2016 |
| Pages: | 440 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Foreword vii
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
A The Nature of Light 1
B Legal Protection of the Access of Light 3
C Outline of the Law 5
D Structure of the Book 8
2 The Legal Nature of the Right of Light 9
A Basic Concepts 9
B Easements 12
1 General Nature and Characteristics 12
2 The First Characteristic 14
3 The Second Characteristic 15
4 The Third Characteristic 17
5 The Fourth Characteristic 19
6 Ecclesiastical Land 20
7 Rights to Air 21
C Other Sources of a Right of Light 22
1 Restrictive Covenants 23
2 Derogation from Grant 25
D Buildings and Apertures 27
1 Introduction 27
2 Buildings 28
3 Apertures 31
3 Content of the Right of Light 34
A The Basic Principle 34
1 The General Principle 34
2 Other Matters 36
B Particular Situations 40
1 Purposes of the Reception of Light 40
2 A Higher Standard 42
3 Different Sources of Light and Reflected Light 47
a The General Rules 47
b Reflected Light 50
c A Qualification 51
4 Artificial Light 51
5 Changes of Use and Layout 54
6 Overall Effect on a Building 58
C Alterations to Windows and Redevelopment 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Abandonment of Rights 60
3 Alterations to Windows: The General Principles 61
4 Alteration to Windows: Application of Principles 63
5 Redevelopments: The Principle 68
6 Redevelopments: Assessing an Infringement 71
7 Partial Redevelopments 72
8 Tension Between Principles 73
9 Summary 74
4 Acquisition of Rights of Light by Deed 76
A Express Easements 77
B Implied Easements 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Implied Grant: Easements of Necessity 82
3 Implied Grant: Intended Use 82
4 Implied Grant: The Rule in Wheeldon v Burrows 84
5 Implied Reservation 87
C Section 62 of the Law of Property Act 1925 87
1 Purpose and Effect 87
2 Operation of Section 62 89
a The First Condition 89
b The Second Condition 89
c The Third Condition 90
d The Fourth Condition 94
D Summary of Implied and Statutorily Created Easements 96
5 Acquisition of Rights of Light by Prescription 97
A Introduction 97
B Common Law Prescription 100
C Lost Modem Grant 102
1 Origins and Use 102
2 User as of Right 104
3 Prescription and Relevant Interests in Land 107
a The Dominant Building 107
b The Servient Land 109
4 Unity of Possession 111
D Statutory Prescription 112
1 Introduction 112
2 The 20-Year Period 115
3 End of the Prescription Period: Legal Proceedings 118
a The General Rule 118
b Types of Discontinuance 119
c Date of Commencement of Action 121
4 Interruption and Acquiescence 122
a The Interruption 122
b Acquiescence or Submission and Notice 124
c The '19 Years and a Day Rule' 127
5 Consent or Agreement 128
6 Agreements Permitting Development 130
a The Effect of Agreements 130
b Agreements and Transfers of Interests 134
7 Interests in Land 137
a Freehold and Leasehold Interests 137
b Unity of Ownership or Possession 140
8 The Crown 141
9 Local Use or Custom 142
10 Persons Under Disabilities 142
11 Pleading 143
E The Custom of London 143
F Unlawful Uses 145
1 Breach of Planning and Similar Controls 145
2 Breaches of Private Law Rights 147
3 Land Held for Statutory Purposes 147
6 The Measurement of Light 149
A Introduction 149
B Basic Concepts Concerning Light 151
1 Light 151
2 The Measuring Units of Light 152
C The Sky Factor 153
D Measurement of the Sky Factor 155
E Sufficiency of Light 156
1 The 50-50 test 156
2 The Waldram Diagrams 157
3 Other Matters 160
F Status of the Waldram Methodology 163
1 Limitations on the Waldram Methodology 163
2 The Approach of the Courts 167
7 Remedies 171
A Introduction 171
B Injunctions 174
1 Introduction 174
a The Nature of Injunctions 174
b The Historical Basis of Injunctive Relief 175
c Current Guidance 177
2 Exercise of the Discretion: General Approach 178
3 Exercise of the Discretion: The Shelfer Rules 181
a The Development of the Shelfer Rules 181
b The Guidance in Lawrence 183
4 Exercise of the Discretion: Other Considerations 184
a Delay 185
b Clean Hands 187
c Completed Building 188
d Public Interest 189
e Planning Permission 190
f Seriousness of Injury 191
g Number of Persons Adversely Affected 192
h Light as a Special Case 193
i Other Considerations 194
j Law Commission Recommendation 195
5 Real Threat of Injury 196
6 Interim Injunctions 197
a The Nature and Purpose of Interim Injunctions 197
b Undertakings as to Damages 198
c Exercise of the Discretion 201
C Damages 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Common Law and Equitable Damages 206
a The Distinction in Theory 206
b Practical Consequences of the Distinction 208
3 The Compensation Principle 210
4 Diminution in Value Damages -211
a General Description: The Four Stages 211
b The Second Stage 214
c The Third Stage 219
d The Fourth Stage 221
e Offsetting a Benefit 222
5 Voluntary Release Damages: The Principle 224
a An Origin of the Principle 224
b The Chain of Consistent Authority 225
c Lawrence v Fen Tigers Ltd 231
6 Voluntary Release Damages: Issues 233
7 Voluntary Release Damages: Compensatory Nature 233
8 Voluntary Release Damages: Discretion 235
9 Voluntary Release Damages: Determining the Amount 239
a The Hypothetical Negotiations 239
b General Considerations 242
c Multiple Claimants 244
d Expert Evidence 246
e Guidance from Decided Cases 247
10 Voluntary Release Damages: Subsequent Events 249
11 Parasitic Damages 250
a The Parasitic Damages Principle 250
b Practical Impact of the Principle 252
12 Restitutionary Damages 253
13 Other Types of Damages 255
D Abatement 256
E Summary 258
8 Extinguishment and Overriding of Rights of Light 260
A Introduction 260
B Extinguishment of Rights of Light 261
1 Express Release 261
2 Implied Release 262
3 Unity of Ownership and Possession 265
4 Determination of Leases 266
C Overriding of Rights of Light 270
1 Statutory Powers and Compulsory Acquisition 270
a The General Principle 270
b Compensation 271
2 Section 237 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 273
a The General Principle 273
b Compensation 275
c Assistance to Private Developers 276
9 The Rights of Light Act 1959 278
A The Background 278
B The General Effect of the Act 280
C The Detailed Operation of the Act 282
1 Prior Publicity 282
2 Form of a Light Obstruction Notice 287
3 Registration of a Light Obstruction Notice 289
D The Effect of Registration 291
1 The Effect in Law 291
2 Practical Considerations 293
E Action of the Court 297
F Emergency or Temporary Certificates 299
G Cessation of Registration 302
H The Exact Prescription Period 304
I Lost Modern Grant 306
10 Town Planning 309
A Introduction 309
B The Relevance of Planning Matters 311
1 The Relevance of a Planning Permission to the Existence of an Infringement 312
2 The Relevance of Planning Standards 315
3 Planning Permission and Injunctions 316
4 Publicity for Planning Applications 320
5 Representations by Dominant Owners 321
C Planning Guidance and Standards 322
1 Purpose and Status of Guidance 322
2 The BRE Guide 324
11 Registration and Transfer of Easements of Light 329
A Introduction 329
B Land Registration 332
1 General Principles 332
2 Registration and the Creation of Easements of Light 334
3 Enforcement of Easements of Light: Priority and Postponement 335
4 Protection by Notice 337
5 Protection as an Overriding Interest 338
6 Easements of Light 340
a Pre-13 October 2003 Legal Easements 340
b Legal Easements Expressly Created by Deed on or After 13 October 2003 341
c Legal Easements Created Otherwise than Expressly by Deed on or After 13 October 2003 341
d Equitable Easements 343
C The Property Chamber 345
D Land Charges 347
1 Outline of System 347
2 Easements of Light 349
E Transfer of Easements 349
1 Unregistered Land 349
2 Registered Land 350
3 Grants of Leases 350
12 Reform 353
A Proposals for Reform 353
1 General 353
2 Law Commission Proposals 355
B The Standard of Light 356
1 The General Test 356
2 Alterations to the Dominant Building 357
3 Application of the General Test 358
C Prescription 359
1 Prescription Generally 359
2 The Proposed New Principles 361
3 Notices of Proposed Obstruction 363
4 Light Interruption Certificates 365
5 The Custom of London 366
D Termination of Rights of Light 367
1 Implied Release 367
2 Redevelopment of the Dominant Building 367
3 Overriding or Extinguishment by Statute 369
E Remedies 370
1 Injunctions 370
2 Voluntary Release Damages 372
3 Parasitic Damages 375
Appendices
Appendix 1 Prescription Act 1832 379
Appendix 2 Rights of Light Act 1959 389
Glossary 397
Index 409