Triumphalist narratives of European trailblazers leave out complexity and conflict, along with the contributions of indigenous peoples, according to this probing social history of 19th-century imperialist British exploration. Kennedy, a historian at the George Washington University, surveys dozens of expeditions into the African and Australian interiors, from the famous epics of Stanley and Livingstone to unsung treks that ended in death and obscurity. Ostensibly, he notes, these journeys were “scientific” investigations that used techniques developed by oceanic explorers—including the punctilious recording of navigational and weather data, and specimen gathering—to illuminate uncharted territories. The explorers viewed the landmasses they were crossing as vast uninhabited “oceans.” They also partook of the nascent scientific community’s vicious theoretical and professional rivalries. But in reality, the author argues, explorers were only metaphorically at sea, as they were among natives, on whom they relied for safe passage, food, and crucial knowledge of the way forward. Kennedy shrewdly dissects the ideology of exploration as the adventurous standard-bearer of progress and sets it against the record of British explorers confronting sophisticated, canny, contentious locals with their own agendas and formidable resources. These locals helped, thwarted, and sometimes even took command of European expeditions. Kennedy’s erudite yet highly readable study restores much of the nuance and drama that has been airbrushed out of standard accounts of Western exploration. 15 halftones, 2 maps, 1 table. (Mar.)
The Last Blank Spaces is magisterial in its sweep, thorough in its exegesis of exploration, and compelling in its careful dissection of what the explorers accomplished and what they failed to accomplish.
Robert I. Rotbergn Historical Review
Kennedy’s analysis gains by acknowledging the courage of most explorers and the respect some held for the people whose lives they would change forever. He builds our understanding of their circumstances but less so of their longer-term importance in shaping the futures of two continents. The most significant thing about the explorers from Europe is that what they encountered became part of a new worldwide network of knowledge.
Canberra Times - Stephen Wilks
As a result of Kennedy’s excellent analysis, we see more clearly what Australian exploration was, and what it was not.
The Australian - Jim Davidson
Scholars and biographers have tirelessly eulogized, analyzed and demystified individual explorers, but the field has long lacked a synthesizing study of overland exploration… As with all grand comparative works, subsequent scholars will no doubt spend decades picking critical holes in Kennedy’s convincingly systematic survey. But this will only confirm the breadth and originality of The Last Blank Spaces , which successfully extracts a coherent and illuminating narrative from a bewildering array of texts, archives and institutions.
Times Literary Supplement - Brian H. Murray
In this beautifully written and strikingly original account of British exploration of Africa and Australia in the nineteenth century, Dane Kennedy demonstrates the limits as well as the violence of imperial power and the vulnerability as well as the vainglory of the explorers. The vast ‘blank spaces’ of the European imagination in fact sustained complex and ancient civilizations, whose peoples challenged even as they helped produce the explorers’ knowledge of the world.
Nineteenth-century explorers did not merely discover the truths about landscapes and peoples they encountered: instead, as Dane Kennedy shows, they created new ways of knowing them, shaped as much by colonial realities as by metropolitan science. A masterful study of exploration.
This fine book breathes new life into the history of exploration. In a fresh and creative way, Dane Kennedy juxtaposes the familiar stories of the European exploration of Australia and sub-Saharan Africa, enlivening the histories of both continents… [The] precise and elegant prose carries the reader effortlessly forward.
Inside Story - Henry Reynolds
The Last Blank Spaces is particularly worth a read for historians of other nineteenth-century empires… The Last Blank Spaces at once surprises and makes the reader wonder why no one has thought to look at this subject in this way before… Kennedy raises new and provocative questions in the long and often fraught conversation about power, class, and race on the margins of the British Empire.
H-Net Reviews - Toby Harper
Considering Australia and Africa together enables Kennedy to dispel the fog of romance that still envelops the figure of the explorer and to make some cogent observations on imperialism, the organization of knowledge, nationalism, and the role of indigenous people in facilitating exploration.
Australian Book Review - Norman Etherington
Groundbreaking and deeply satisfying, The Last Blank Spaces provocatively argues that the blank spaces on nineteenth-century maps of Africa and Australia actually represented the limits of western knowledge. This marvelous book delivers on the promise of the ‘new imperial history’ by providing a refreshingly original perspective on imperial power in the age of exploration.
[A] well-written, well-conceived book… [Kennedy] emphasizes what [19th-century British explorers] hoped to accomplish, the logistics involved, and especially their dealings with the indigenous people.
It is a rare book that is scholarly, well-written, and accessible—while being enlightening and often fascinating. This is one such and Dane Kennedy should be congratulated… I found this book especially interesting in the accounts of the relationships explorers formed with their key guides and informants—who sometimes even helped plan the expeditions… Dane Kennedy gives human will and effort their due, accords the explorers their humanity, but shows how metropolitan outreach and conquest, followed by latter-day metropolitan nostalgia, are imperial. The terrains and societies they encountered were complex and difficult—not pure and pastoral, not arcadian. But, for the sheer complexity the explorers faced, and how they faced them, in looking at their immediacies, Dane Kennedy shows an astute soft spot.
Australasian Review of African Studies - Stephen Chan
With publication of The Last Blank Spaces , Dane Kennedy has breathed new life into the well-worn narratives of explorers and exploration in Africa and Australia… Rather than simplification, Kennedy complicates both the process of exploration and the explorers engaged in it by reading primary sources against the grain, by avoiding and questioning heroic stereotypes, by looking for inferences and by examining discourse in a creative but controlled fashion. He writes engagingly and clearly, thus attracting both the savant and those with little detailed knowledge of the field… The differences and similarities of exploring these two continents and the men engaged in this activity are truly illuminating and make for fascinating reading… This book deserves a wide readership.
Australian Historical Studies - Jane Carruthers
The Last Blank Spaces is magisterial in its sweep, thorough in its exegesis of exploration, and compelling in its careful dissection of what the explorers accomplished and what they failed to accomplish.
American Historical Review - Robert I. Rotberg
An academic correction of the "triumphalist" notion of British exploration of Africa and Australia. Kennedy (History and International Affairs/George Washington Univ.) sorts through a far more complicated and messy history of 19th-century British exploration than the record has assumed, taking into account much failure as well as a deep reliance on indigenous help. The author asserts that the first British explorers of Australia and Africa looked to the vast continents much as the seafaring explorers had regarded the sea before them, as great unknown oceans, blank spaces to be "measured, mapped, quantified, classified, catalogued, and compared." Kennedy sees in this epistemological process a form of "erasure" in order to impose upon the unknown continents a "maritime model" such as was employed by Capt. James Cook. Verification required eyewitness accounts scrupulously backed up by scientific method, such as demonstrated in James Bruce's Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790) and Alexander von Humboldt's inspiring field research work through Spanish America. A network of organizations (and accompanying armchair geographers) emerged to sponsor and criticize the scientific enterprise, such as the African Association founded by Joseph Banks. Besides accounts by well-known explorers like David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley and John Hanning Speke, Kennedy also looks at travels to Africa by women--e.g., May French Sheldon and Mary Kingsley--and sifts through the explorers' methodology, shifting logistics depending on circumstances and setbacks, and reliance on indigenous guides. Moreover, Kennedy teases out a fascinating comparative study of Australian versus African exploration that takes into account the early British settlers' colonies in the former and the richly entrenched indigenous societies and forbidding disease environment in the latter. A wealth of research for the armchair traveler and historian.