The Kid-Friendly ADHD & Autism Cookbook, 3rd edition: The Ultimate Guide to the Most Effective Diets -- What they are - Why they work - How to do them
352The Kid-Friendly ADHD & Autism Cookbook, 3rd edition: The Ultimate Guide to the Most Effective Diets -- What they are - Why they work - How to do them
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Overview
- Gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free
- Feingold diet: low phenol, low salicylate diet
- Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) and Gut and Psychology Syndrome Diet (GAPS)
- Anti-yeast/candida diets, or Body Ecology Diet
- Low Oxalate Diet (LOD)
- FODMAP (Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides, And Polyols)
- Anti-inflammatory diet
- Rotation diet
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781592338504 |
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Publisher: | Fair Winds Press |
Publication date: | 01/28/2020 |
Edition description: | Revised |
Pages: | 352 |
Sales rank: | 310,467 |
Product dimensions: | 7.40(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
Dana Godbout Laake, RDH, MS, LDN, is a licensed nutritionist in Kensington, Maryland. Within her practice, Dana Laake Nutrition, she provides preventive and therapeutic medical nutrition therapy to adults and children. An honors graduate from Temple University (health sciences, dental hygiene), she received her master’s degree in nutrition from the University of Maryland. She was recipient of the Temple University 50th Anniversary Outstanding Alumnus award. Ms. Laake has served as a Maryland Legislative assistant on health issues, was coauthor of the legislation that established licensure boards for dietetics and nutrition in both Maryland and Washington, DC, and has served four gubernatorial appointments on two health care regulatory boards (dentistry and dietetics). She has been a partner in three functional medicine practices and provides local and national continuing education courses. In addition to writing and hosting a radio show, Dana is a scientific advisor and content contributor for the Autism Exchange and for the Neurological Health Foundation Healthy Child Guide. She is also coauthor of The ADHD and Autism Nutritional Supplement Handbook.
Read an Excerpt
CHAPTER 1
Food Reactions: What They Are and How to Test for Them
"The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them."
William Bragg
Food Allergies versus Food Sensitivities and Intolerances
Many people use the term "food allergies" to describe all reactions to food, but this is not accurate. Allergy is one type of reaction to food. There are also numerous sensitivities and intolerances to foods that are not classified as allergic reactions. Many children with ADHD or ASD have multiple types of reactions to foods, ranging from allergies to a variety of types of sensitivities and intolerances. The type of reaction least likely to cause behavioral symptoms is the traditional type of food allergy with obvious symptoms such as sneezing, hives, and wheezing. Children with ADHD or ASD tend to have food reactions best labeled as "sensitivities" or "intolerances." Some of the most common foods that cause food intolerances and sensitivities are similar to those that cause allergies- milk, wheat, and soy. Corn is also a frequent offending food, but almost any food can trigger reactions due to sensitivity and intolerance.
There are many types of food sensitivities and intolerances that result from poor digestion and/or poor absorption of specific food substances. For the purposes of this chapter, when we refer to food sensitivities, we are referring to the delayed (immunoglobulin G, or IgG) type of food reactions. Food intolerances can include a wider range of reactions, such as intolerances to lactose, fructose, other carbohydrate sugars, phenols, salicylates, and gluten (in celiac disease) and intolerance to byproducts of abnormal digestion, such as opiate peptides from milk/casein, gluten, and soy. More recent research suggests that gluten may also be problematic by causing inflammation in the body and the brain.
Food Allergies
The antibodies (immune cells) in the body that result in traditional allergies are called immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which trigger the release of histamine. The antibodies that result in one type of food sensitivity are immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The reactions are different and the testing is different. This distinction will be important when we discuss types of blood tests commonly available to test for food reactions later in this chapter. The most confusion comes from testing for traditional (IgE) allergy reactions versus delayed (IgG) reactions.
IgE reactions are obvious and fast. We are all familiar with traditional allergic reactions in some fashion. A person eats a food and develops hives or wheezing. A person with a severe peanut allergy can develop a life-threatening allergic reaction after eating peanuts. The immune pathway in the body that results in these reactions is very fast-acting. Cause and effect is usually easy to figure out because the reaction happens so quickly. These reactions do not have a direct negative effect on the brain. While people may become irritable from the discomfort of the allergy symptom, such as itching or wheezing, they are not irritable due to a specific effect of the food on the brain. The most common foods that provoke allergic reactions are milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts (almonds, cashews, pecans, and walnuts), fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat.
Food Sensitivities
Most types of food reactions, however, are not IgE reactions; most fall into the other categories. IgG food sensitivities can result in physical symptoms similar to allergies. However, they may also result in a much broader array of symptoms, including behavioral or developmental symptoms. A striking difference between food allergies and food sensitivities is the time it takes for the reaction to occur. Whereas food allergy symptoms occur quickly, symptoms of food sensitivities can occur at any time within three days of eating the food. Most commonly, these reactions occur within one to two days. This often makes it very difficult to figure out which food caused which behavioral reaction. With food allergies, keeping a food diary can be very helpful. Because of the delayed nature of food sensitivities, food diaries are less helpful.
For those with compromised systems, the number of IgG sensitivities may be high and include most of what the person eats. For that reason, rotation diets are frequently recommended to limit the damaging effect on the immune system. The concept behind a rotation diet is to limit the exposure to the same food and, more specifically, the same family of foods. By not repeating the suspect or reactive foods daily, the body's reactions to the foods will be more limited.
The most common food rotation programs suggest not eating the same foods more often than once per day in four or more days. Food rotation diets are discussed in Chapter 9.
Food Intolerances
These reactions are not immunoglobulin (IgE or IgG) reactions. Intolerances include problems with digestion of foods due to the lack of specific enzymes including maldigestion of lactose, carbohydrate double sugars (disaccharides), and proteins from gluten and milk (casein). Celiac gluten intolerance is not due to maldigestion but to an autoimmune response that damages the intestinal villi in response to gluten exposure.
Intolerances also include inability to metabolize a component of a food such as fructose, phenylalanine, phenols, and salicylates. Food intolerances may result in immediate and also delayed reactions, depending on the situation. With lactose intolerance, the effects (diarrhea, cramps) may be notable within hours. Gluten celiac type reactions may also be immediate (stomach pain, cramps, diarrhea) and long-term (growth delay, skin conditions, fatigue, and neurological or behavioral/developmental symptoms). For intolerance to phenols and salicylates (a type of phenol), some reactions may be more immediate (stomachache, red face or ears, hyperactivity, hives, and headaches) whereas others are more delayed (dark circles under the eyes, short attention span, sleep disorders, speech difficulties, tics, behavioral problems, and head banging).
Symptoms of Food Sensitivities and Intolerances
Symptoms of food sensitivities and food intolerances can be broad:
* GENERAL SYMPTOMS: Fatigue, food cravings
* SKIN: Eczema, unexplained rashes, allergic shiners (dark circles under the eyes), red face/ears
* DIGESTION: Stomachaches, loose stools or diarrhea, constipation, alternating diarrhea and constipation
* RESPIRATORY: Mucus production, congestion
* IMMUNE, INFLAMMATORY, AND AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS
* CARDIOVASCULAR: Abnormal pulse, elevated blood pressure
* NEUROLOGIC: Headaches (e.g., migraines), ringing in the ears, tingling, dizziness, tics
* PSYCHOLOGICAL: Depression, mood disorders, anxiety, panic attacks, aggression, sleep disorder
* BEHAVIOR/DEVELOPMENT: ADHD symptoms (decreased attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity), mood swings, irritability, anxiety, autism symptoms (poor eye contact, social withdrawal, decreased language, obsessions, repetitive behaviors)
Causes of Food Reactions: The Digestive Connection
Normally, when foods are digested in the small intestine (the upper part of the intestine), they break down into their smallest components: proteins to amino acids, fats to fatty acids, and carbohydrates to simple sugars. Along with nutrients, these are allowed to cross the intestinal lining into the bloodstream, where they travel to other parts of the body, including the brain.
A critical part of this healthy system is the lining of the intestine. This lining needs to be a good barrier so that foods cannot enter the blood until they have been fully digested. It functions like a window screen, letting in good air but not larger items like pesky flies or harmful bugs. When the intestinal lining is damaged, potentially harmful large food molecules can enter the bloodstream — like holes in the window screen letting in bugs. This condition is commonly referred to as a "leaky gut," since food molecules leak through the microscopic holes in the intestinal lining.
Many children with ADHD or autism have problems with their intestinal lining. Children with autism also may not have enough digestive enzymes, or the body may not release them at the right times or in sufficient amounts. The type of food that causes the most problems for children with ADHD or autism is protein, specifically proteins from milk, wheat, and soy. Dietary proteins (fish, fowl, meat, eggs, dairy, beans, nuts, seeds, and grains) consist of many chains of amino acids and are not useful until they are broken down into individual amino acids by digestive enzymes. The foods themselves are like dollar bills that will not work in a coin machine. They must be broken down first into individual coins (amino acids). Visualize these proteins as long metal chains, with each link being an amino acid; digestive enzymes break the connection between links and free the amino acids (links) for further use. The amino acids are very small and are absorbed through the intestinal lining into the body. The amino acids can then be put back together in different combinations to make peptides and proteins again. These can be used to build important structures in the body, such as muscle, or to send messages in the body, for example, as hormones or transmitters in the brain.
During digestion, not all of the amino acid chains are completely digested. What results are residues of short chains of amino acids called peptides. The peptides, however, are large and should not be absorbed unless the gut is damaged and, therefore, too permeable or leaky. Think of amino acids like Scrabble letters. Peptides are the "words" made from those letters. Depending on how the letters (amino acids) are arranged, different "words" (peptides) are formed. The body recognizes these "words." If, however, the letter arrangement does not spell a "word," the body considers it to be foreign. Likewise, if the intestinal lining is damaged, the body may consider the peptides that leak into the bloodstream to be foreign.
If they are not recognized because they are foreign, the body sends specialized cells to get rid of them. When the peptides are "words" the body recognizes, the body allows them to remain. If the "words" have receptors in the brain, they may cross the brain and send a signal. If the signal is not one that should normally occur in the brain, there can be a short circuit in brain functioning. This can contribute to many of the symptoms seen in children with ADHD or autism.
The Dope on Opiates
While short-circuiting of the brain from "misspelled words" can occur in a variety of conditions, a feature that is more common in autism but occasionally found in ADHD is the creation of "words" or peptides that have an opiate-like effect on the brain. If the amino acid "letters" in the peptide "word" are arranged in a specific order, the peptide looks like an opiate and acts like an opiate — similar to morphine. "Opiates" refers to the narcotic alkaloids found in opium such as morphine and heroin. An "opioid" has an opiate-like reaction. Casein and gluten are the most common foods that result in these opiate-like substances. Soy is also likely a source of these opiates. Casein and gluten contain a similar sequence of amino acids. They have, embedded within their long chains of amino acids, sequences of these short opiate-like peptides. These peptides are not available or active unless the proteins are incompletely broken down due to digestive enzyme deficiencies such as lack of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The resulting opiate-like endorphins have very specific amino acid sequences. For gluten the result is gliadorphin (tyr-pro-gln-pro-gln-pro-phe) and for milk casein, the result is casomorphin (tyr-pro-phe-pro-gly-pro-ile). These opiate-like peptides are generally large and unable to pass through the intestinal lining. When the lining is leaky, these peptides can enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain, having an opiate-like effect there. These opiate peptides have been found in the spinal fluid and the urine of children with autism. The effect of opiates on the brain can certainly explain some of the symptoms seen in autism.
Many children crave dairy and wheat products. There are some children whose parents describe them as "milk-aholics" because of the intensity of their craving for milk. These cravings may be similar to drug-seeking types of behaviors. A child may not want other foods because they don't give the brain the same "high" as the opiate-producing foods. Food "hunger strikes" and refusal to eat can occur. This may also account for the behaviors — from irritability to rage — seen in many children when dairy and wheat are initially removed from the diet. They are, in effect, having drug-withdrawal symptoms.
These opiate-like peptides mimic the effects of drugs like morphine and have been shown to react with areas of the brain that are involved in speech and auditory processing. Opiate-like effects on the brain could also result in social withdrawal. A child may "zone out" or "be in his/her own world." He/ she may laugh or giggle for no apparent reason. In addition, a child may have a high pain tolerance since opiates, like morphine, are excellent painkillers. We are aware that there are likely other psychoactive and neuroactive peptide possibilities. It is not unusual for the casomorphin and gliadorphin tests to be negative, yet the child shows a significant improvement in behavior and focus when either milk casein and/or glutens are removed from the diet. It is certainly likely that there are other types of reactions occurring. For these reasons, when a child presents with an extremely limited diet and/or an addictive focus to the classical problem foods (e.g., milk products, glutens, and possibly soy), these are signs that an avoidance trial may be helpful.
Lab Tests: What They Tell Us and What They Don't
In medical practice, where possible, we like to have information about whether certain treatments are indicated. Sometimes we can tell this simply based on examining a child. Other times, lab tests are ordered. So it seems logical that testing for food reactions (allergies, sensitivities/intolerances) would be a reasonable thing to do. However, this is actually a source of some debate among practitioners. Some believe food testing should always be done before starting an elimination diet; others believe it is not necessary or can be deferred to a later date. Regardless of when food testing is done, it is important to understand what the tests tell us and, equally important, what they do not reveal.
Like the misunderstanding of the difference between food allergies and food sensitivities, many people use the words "allergy testing" to describe testing for all types of food sensitivities or intolerances. Testing for food allergies is different from testing for food sensitivities. If you take your child to a traditional allergist, testing will be done for food allergies, the immediate, fast-acting immune response (IgE). This is done by either skin testing or blood testing. The blood testing, or radioallergosorbent testing (RAST), can be ordered through a traditional laboratory. This type of testing provides reliable information about the immediate types of allergy reactions, the types that can cause hives, wheezing, and a host of other physical symptoms. Neither the skin nor the IgE blood testing gives any information about food IgG sensitivities, which is the type of reaction related to ADHD, autism, and other behavioral symptoms. Therefore, if you want to have your child tested for food sensitivities, a referral to a traditional allergist may not provide the answers you are looking for.
There is another type of testing, for those delayed food reactions, called IgG testing. This type of blood testing is offered only through specialized laboratories and is often not covered by insurance plans. While some traditional laboratories may offer it for casein and/or gluten, traditional laboratories typically do not offer a full panel that includes a variety of foods and food groups. These tests are expensive, and cost needs to be considered as one factor in determining whether or when to test your child.
(Continues…)
Excerpted from "The Kid-Friendly ADHD & Autism Cookbook"
by .
Copyright © 2019 Pamela J. Compart and Dana Godbout Lake.
Excerpted by permission of The Quarto Group.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Preface 7
Introduction 10
Why Buy This Book? 10
What Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? 10
What Is Autism? Why Is It Called Autism Spectrum Disorder? 12
What If I'm Not Sure If My Child Has ADHD or Autism? Can This Book Still Help? 13
Will Diet Alone Be Enough to Treat My Child's Symptoms? 13
What Are the Diets? 14
Are There Tests to Help Determine If My Child Needs a Specialized Diet? 15
How Will This Book Help? 15
In Their Own Words 16
Part I Get Ready! Get Set! 17
Chapter 1 Food Reactions: What They Are and How to Test for Them 17
Food Allergies versus Food Sensitivities and Intolerances 17
Food Allergies 18
Food Sensitivities 19
Food Intolerances 19
Symptoms of Food Sensitivities and Intolerances 20
Causes of Food Reactions: The Digestive Connection 20
The Dope on Opiates 21
Lab Tests: What They Tel! Us and What They Don't 22
Are There Any Helpful Tests to Do Before Starting a Special Diet? 24
Celiac Disease 25
Urine Opiate Peptides 26
The Body Doesn't Lie: The Wisdom of Trial and Response 26
Chapter 2 Contemplating the Right Elimination Diet and Support Strategies 27
One Size Does Not Fit All 27
Natural, Healthy Diets Around the World Are Diverse 28
Elimination Diet Choices: How Do I Know Which Diet to Try for My Child? 29
Other Potential Culprits 30
Overview of Elimination Diets: What They Are, Why They Are Needed, and Recommendations 31
Chapter 3 Beginning Your Journey: What to Leave Behind and What to Take with You 37
Environmental Considerations: Outdoors and Indoors 38
How Problematic Is the Environmental Toxic Load? 39
Excellent Nutrition Is Not Optional … It Is Vital 40
Health Enemies: Leave These Behind 40
1 Say No to Natural Toxins and Artificial Ingredients, including Artificial Food Additives, Preservatives, Sweeteners, Taste Enhancers, Artificial Flavoring and Coloring Agents, Excitotoxins, GMO Foods, Trans-Fatty Acids, and Commercially Processed Foods 40
2 Say No to Drinking Water Contaminants 42
3 Say No to Sugars and Sugar-Raising Foods 43
4 Say No to Problem Fats 45
5 Say No to Non-Organic Deli Meats, Processed Foods, and Contaminated Seafood 46
6 Say No to Any Food or Beverage That Causes a Negative Reaction 48
Healthy Foods for Your Journey 48
1 Don't Try to Fool Mother Nature-Go Organic 48
2 Be in Control of Your Blood Sugar (Glucose) Levels 50
3 Jack Sprat Was Wrong: Good Fats to the Rescue 50
4 Fish Facts 53
5 Fermented Foods-Friends of the Gut Microbiota 54
6 Use Salt, Not Sodium Preservatives 55
Avoid 56
Include 56
Dietary Guidelines by Age 57
Serving Size 58
Protein Serving Size 58
Vegetable, Fruit, and Grain Serving Sizes 58
Serving Size Equivalents 58
Chapter 4 The Main Culprits: Glutens, Casein, Soy, and Others 59
What They Are 60
Where They Are 60
How They Cause Problems: Don't Be a Gluten for Punishment 61
Symptoms Indicating Gluten-Free May Help 61
What Is Left to Eat? 61
Sources of Gluten and Gluten-Free (GF) Substitutes 62
Milk Products and Casein: Where Are They Found? 64
The Case Against Casein 66
What About A2 Milk? 66
Weighing in on Whey 67
What Is Left to Eat? 68
Soy Sorry! 70
Eggs, Corn, and Nuts 72
Eggs 72
Corn 73
Nuts 74
Life Beyond Gluten, Milk, and Soy 75
GFCFSF: Gluten-Free, Casein-Free, and Soy-Free Grid 76
Chapter 5 Feingold and FAILSAFE Diets; Low Salicylate and Low Phenol Diets 77
What Is the Feingold Diet? 79
What Are the Culprit Foods or Ingredients? 79
What Foods Contain Salicylates? 79
What Are Problematic Food Colorings, Flavors, or Fragrances? 79
How Do I Do the Diet? 79
What Symptoms May Be Helped by the Feingold Diet? 80
When Should I Consider a Trial of the Feingold Diet for My Child? 80
What Is the FAILSAFE Diet? 80
What Is a Low Phenol Diet? 81
Salicylate Content of Foods Chart 82
High-Phenol Foods to Avoid for a Low-Phenol Diet Chart 84
How Do I Know Which of These Diets to Do and in What Order? 86
What Else Can Be Done? 86
Freingold/Low Salicylate Diet Grid 87
FAILSAFE/Low Salicylate Diet Grid 87
Low Phenol Diet Grid 88
Chapter 6 The Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) and Gut and Psychology Syndrome Diet (GAPS) 90
The Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) 92
What Foods Are Allowed and Prohibited on the SCD? 92
When to Specifically Consider the Specific Carbohydrate Diet 93
Gut and Psychology Syndrome Diet (GAPS) 93
What Else May Be Helpful? 97
SCD (Specific Carbohydrate Diet) and GAPS (Gut and Psychology Syndrome) Grid 97
Chapter 7 The Anti-Yeast (Anti-Candida) Diet 98
The Underlying Problem: Imbalanced Bacteria and Yeast Overgrowth in the Intestine 98
What Can Cause Overgrowth of Yeast in the Intestine? 99
What Signs and Symptoms Can Indicate That My Child Has Problems with Yeast? 99
When Should I Consider an Anti-Yeast Diet? 100
What Foods Need to Be Avoided on an Anti-Yeast Diet and Why? 100
What Foods Are Allowed on This Diet? 101
What Sugar Substitutes Are Recommended? 102
Ingredients on Labels That Mean Sugar 102
What Foods Are Helpful for Fighting Yeast? 103
What Other Interventions Are Helpful Regarding Yeast? 103
Anti-Yeast (Anti-Candida) Diets Grid 104
Chapter 8 The Low Oxalate Diet (LOD) 105
What Are Oxalates? 105
Why Are Oxalates a Problem? 105
What Increases Oxalates or Oxalate Absorption? 106
What Kind of Symptoms Can Oxalates Cause? 107
When Should This Diet Be Considered? 107
What Is a Low Oxalate Diet and How Is It Done? 107
Which Foods Are Avoided? 107
Foods High in Oxalates 108
Which Foods Are Allowed on a Low Oxalate Diet? 109
What Else May Help? 109
Low Oxalate Diet (LOD) Grid 110
Chapter 9 Other Helpful Diets: Anti-Inflammatory Diet, FODMAP Diet, and Rotation Diet 111
The Anti-Inflammatory Diet 112
Inflammation, Immunity, and Autoimmunity 112
What Foods, Food Components, and Additives Can Cause or Increase Inflammation? 113
Nightshades 113
Foods to Avoid If inflammation Is Present 114
Foods to Reduce inflammation 115
What Else Can Be Done? 115
Anti-Inflammatory Diet Grid 116
The FODMAP Diet 117
What Are FODMAPs? 117
How FODMAPs Affect Digestive Health 117
Symptoms That Indicate the FODMAP Diet May Help 118
Foods to Avoid and Include 118
The FODMAP Diet Grid 121
Rotation Diets 122
What Is a Rotation Diet? 122
Why Use a Rotation Diet? 122
What Are Food Families? 123
Tips on How to Accomplish a Rotation Diet 127
Rotation Diet Grid 129
Chapter 10 Getting Started and Bumps Along the Way 130
Getting Started-Easy Does It! 130
If You're Feeling Overwhelmed, Start Here 131
Variety Is Not Always the Spice of Life 132
How Strict Does an Elimination Diet Have to Be, and How Long Should It Last? 132
What Kind of Improvements Can We Expect? 134
Chapter 11 Dealing with the Diet and Common Concerns 135
Picky Appetites, Texture Issues, and Odd Food Choices 135
Picky Appetite: The Trojan Horse Technique 137
Withdrawal Symptoms from Foods 138
What Can Be Done for Withdrawal Symptoms? 138
Is the Diet Helping? 139
Are Elimination Diets Healthy? 141
Elimination Diet-Worth It or Not? 141
Getting Support from Family and the School Team 142
Part II Go! Menus and Recipes 143
Chapter 12 From Yucky to Yummy: Finding the Right Kid-Friendly Foods 143
One Person's Yummy Food Is Another Person's Yucky Food 144
How to Go from Yucky to Yummy-Perfecting the Trojan Horse Technique 145
Substitutions: What to Use and How to Do It 147
Substitutes for Sugar and Guidelines on Sweeteners 147
Substitutes for Wheat Flour 148
Substitute Thickeners 149
Substitutes for Milk Products 149
Substitutes for Butter 149
Substitutes for Egg 150
General Substitutes 150
Chapter 13 A Complete Guide to Making Breakfast and Packing Lunches 152
Breakfast Like a King 153
Packing School Lunches 154
The Challenge 154
The Solutions 154
Nutritious Can Be Delicious 155
Five Simple and Delicious Lunch Suggestions 155
Chapter 14 Beverages and Healthy Shakes 159
Chapter 15 Condiments, Dressings, and Sauces 170
Chapter 16 Breads, Muffins, Waffles, and Pancakes 182
Chapter 17 Main Dishes and One-Dish Meals 197
Chapter 18 Rice and Beans 246
Chapter 19 Vegetables and Side Dishes 260
Chapter 20 Salads 279
Chapter 21 Soups and Stews 293
Chapter 22 Fruits, Sweets, and Treats 314
Appendix: Resources 340
Acknowledgments 342
About the Authors 344
Index 345