Table of Contents
Table of Cases xiii
List of Abbreviations xix
Note on Previous Work xx
1 The Impulse to Arbitrate 1
1.1 Fundamental Speculations 1
1.2 The Arbitrator as Archetype 4
1.3 Arbitral Virtues 7
1.4 Dubious Historical Parallels 10
1.5 Ambivalence Toward Law 13
1.6 Untidy Realities 18
1.7 The Nobler Objective: Good Courts 24
2 The Legal Foundations of Arbitration 29
2.1 Matters of Definition 30
2.2 The Territorial Thesis 32
2.3 The Pluralistic Thesis 35
2.4 A False Start 39
2.5 The Pluralistic Thesis Revised 45
2.6 Three-dimensional Reality 48
3 Private Challenges 51
3.1 Jurisdictional Controversies: Who Decides Them, and When 53
A Kompetenz-Kompetenz 54
B The concept of negative effect 58
C Separability demystified 60
D American struggles with 'arbitrability' 72
E An overarching presumption 77
3.2 Jurisdiction Distinguished from Admissibility 82
3.3 The Right to be Heard 90
3.4 Substantive Errors 93
4 The Public Challenge 99
4.1 The Tension between Public Regulation and Arbitration 100
4.2 Why Should Arbitration be Allowed at All? 104
4.3 Unduly Procured Consent 108
4.4 Excluded Areas 115
4.5 Should Arbitrators be Allowed to Apply the Law? 123
4.6 Should Arbitrators be Allowed to Decide Issues of Public Policy? 129
A Public policy and judicial restraint 130
B Arbitrators' right and duty to apply mandatory laws 133
C Illegal contracts and public policy 137
D The finality of arbitral rulings on public policy claims 138
4.7 Recapitulation: Degrees of Arbitral Authority 145
5 Ethical Challenges 147
5.1 The Weak Spot 147
5.2 Fitness to Serve 149
5.3 The Limited Benefits of Disclosure 152
5.4 Moral Hazard and the Unilateral Nominee 153
A The worm in the apple 153
B Dubious assumptions 164
5.5 Motivation 166
5.6 The Trouble with Dissents 167
5.7 Breaking Faith 169
5.8 The Case for an Elitist Approach 171
6 International Challenges 174
6.1 The Hubris of Monopoly 174
6.2 Clashes of Culture? 178
6.3 Inequality of Arms 179
6.4 Operating in Three Dimensions 183
A The necessity of invention 183
B An apter model for a fluid world 193
7 National Public Policy in the International Environment: Avoiding the Chancellor's Foot 200
7.1 Recurrent Problems 200
7.2 Concepts and Nomenclature 207
7.3 Public Policy and Concurrent Court Proceedings 209
7.4 Public Policy and Courts that Intervene after the Award 213
7.5 Public Policy and Arbitrators 224
7.6 Recapitulation 229
8 Arbitral Authority to Reject Unlawful Laws 231
8.1 Applicable Law Means More Than Statutes and Decrees 231
8.2 National Checks on Unlawful Laws 234
8.3 The Application of National Corrective Norms 237
8.4 Two Illustrations 240
8.5 Matters of Legal Philosophy 243
8.6 Pierre Mayer's 'Realistic' Objections 246
8.7 Ten Short Propositions 254
9 Images in a Crystal Ball 256
9.1 Empowerment through Responsible Self-governance 256
9.2 Symbiosis of Judges and Arbitrators 259
A Are judges jealous of arbitrators? 259
B Common objectives 263
C Complementarities 265
D Indispensable dialogue 268
E The attraction of specialized courts 271
9.3 Open Doors 273
9.4 Decline of Unilateral Appointments 276
A Understanding the debate 276
B The special case of inter-state arbitrations 277
C Reasons to avoid unilaterals 278
D If we must live with them… 281
9.5 Designing Legitimacy for 'A Nation of Devils' 283
A Transparency 286
B Engagement with the community of users 287
C Barriers to entrenchment and conflicts of interest 288
D Standards and sanctions 290
E Appeal? 291
9.6 Resurgence of the Influence of Scholarship 293
9.7 Virtuous Circles 298
Index 303
