Table of Contents
Top Ten Ways You'll Use Your Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology in Everyday Life 9
Introduction 10
01 The Chemistry of Cells 13
The Most Important Elements 14
Chemical Bonds 16
pH: Measuring Acids and Bases 18
Important Inorganic Compounds 19
Carbohydrates 21
Proteins 22
Lipids 24
Nucleic Acids 26
02 Cells 27
Components of a Cell 28
Molecular Trafficking 34
Cell Growth and Replication 36
Meiosis 40
03 Replication and Metabolism 43
DNA Replication 44
Transcription 47
Tidnsiauun 48
Enzymes 50
Glycolysis 51
TCA Cycle 54
Electron Transport System 55
04 Human Tissues 57
Tissue Origins and Development 58
Epithelial Tissue 59
Connective Tissue 61
Muscle Tissue 63
Nervous Tissue 66
05 Skin 69
Epidermis 70
Dermis 72
Hair and Nails 72
Sweat and Sebaceous Glands 74
Wound Healing 75
Temperature Regulation 76
Diseases and Disorders 77
06 Skeletal System 81
Bone Functions 82
Axial Skeleton 83
Appendicular Skeleton 87
Joints 90
Bone Growth 91
Bone Repair 94
Diseases and Disorders 94
07 Muscular System 97
Major Skeletal Muscles 98
Neuromuscular Junction 102
Muscle Contraction 104
Energy Sources for Contraction 109
Diseases and Disorders 110
08 Nervous System 113
Signal Transduction 114
Brain 119
Spinal Cord 121
Peripheral Nervous System 122
Autonomic Nervous System 123
Diseases and Disorders 127
09 Sensory System 131
Reception and Perception 132
Special Senses 132
Smell 133
Taste 134
Vision 134
Hearing 138
Balance 139
General Senses 140
Diseases and Disorders 141
10 Cardiovascular System 143
Heart 144
Heart Regulation 147
Blood Vessels 150
Circulation 154
Blood Pressure 156
Diseases and Disorders 157
11 Blood 159
Plasma 160
Red Blood Cells 162
Blood Groups 166
White Blood Cells 168
Platelets 171
Hemostasis 172
Diseases and Disorders 174
12 Lymphatics 177
Lymph 178
Lymphatic Circulation 179
Primary Lymphoid Organs 181
Secondary Lymphoid Organs 183
13 Immune System 187
Innate and Natural Immunity 188
Adaptive Immunity: Humoral 192
Adaptive Immunity: Cellular 197
Diseases and Disorders 199
Digestive System 201
Mouth 202
General Structure of Alimentary Canal 205
Pharynx and Esophagus 206
Stomach 207
Small Intestine 209
Large Intestine 212
Pancreas 213
Liver 214
Nutrition 218
Diseases and Disorders 219
15 Respiratory System 223
Respiratory Epithelium 224
Nose 225
Pharynx and Larynx 226
Trachea and Bronchial Tree 226
Lungs 228
Breathing 230
Gas Exchange 233
Gas Transport 235
Diseases and Disorders 237
16 Endocrine System 239
Hormones 240
Pituitary Gland 241
Thyroid Gland 244
Parathyroid Giands 247
Adrenal Glands 247
Pancreatic Islets 249
Pineal Gland 249
Diseases and Disorders 250
17 Urinary System 253
Kidneys 254
Nephrons 257
Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra 259
Urine Formation 260
Body Fluid Balance 266
Electrolyte Balance 267
Acid-Base Balance 268
Diseases and Disorders 269
18 Male Reproductive System 271
Testes 272
Spermatogenesis 274
Extratesticular Reproductive Tract 276
Glands of the Male Reproductive Tract 278
External Genitalia 279
Male Sex Hormones 280
Diseases and Disorders 281
19 Female Reproductive System 283
Ovaries 284
Female Reproductive Tract 286
External Genitalia 289
Female Sox Hormones 290
Reproductive Cycle 290
Diseases and Disorders 294
Appendix: Study Guide 296
Steps to Learning Anatomy and Physiology 297
Index 298
