This informative report from March 2019 has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. When the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) won the 2009 Japanese general election, Japanese security policy was poised to diverge from the status quo of normalization Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) that had held power for many decades. Curiously, Japanese security policy seemed to hold its previous trajectory, despite the less conservative DPJ holding power. This research examines three pivotal security policies of territorial defense of the Senkaku Islands, Futenma base relocation efforts, and the funding and uses of the Japanese Self-Defense Force (JSDF) to better understand the DPJ's security policy in comparison to the LDP's. For each policy, internal, external, and political party constraints that inhibited divergence from the established LDP status quo are identified and compared to the LDP for similarities. In doing so, this research finds that while there were many constraints on the DPJ's ability to follow through with a divergent security policy agenda, the most prominent and uniquely DPJ constraint was the party's inexperience and inability to lead effectively. Broadly, however, other political parties are likely to be constrained by external security threats and relationships, as these factors were consistent constraints for both the LDP and DPJ.
This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.
This study is divided into chapters that review the key security policy areas as comparative case studies. Each chapter begins by establishing the policies of the LDP's to serve as a baseline of security policy. Next, the DPJ's policies on each issue area are established to outline what the DPJ could or could not do in terms of security policy. These party policies are then compared to establish the (lack of) divergence in the normalization trend of Japanese security policy. After an assessment of DPJ divergence is established, each chapter outlines the relevant constraints in three areas: external constraints, internal constraints, and party structure and leadership constraints. External constraints address factors that constrained DPJ policy options that are international in nature, such as relationships with other countries, international agreements, and diplomatic efforts. Internal constraints address factors that constrained DPJ policy options that are domestic in nature, such as voters, local factors, and the Japanese government. Party structure and leadership constraints address factors that constrained DPJ policy options that are specific to the DPJ as a party and its ability to maintain a governing coalition. These constraints also include specific party leaders and other individuals. Finally, each chapter concludes with a review of similar constraints that also limited the LDP in its own security policy agenda, to establish which constraints act as a constant in Japanese security policy. Each chapter addresses a specific security policy, as addressed in the literature review section of this chapter. Chapter II addresses territorial defense of the Senkaku Islands, Chapter III addresses the issue of U.S. basing in Okinawa, and Chapter IV addresses the expansion and uses of the SDF. Finally, Chapter V is the conclusion of this study and summarizes trends that are consistent across multiple security policies. This conclusion establishes the overall constraints on DPJ security policy that kept Japan on a normalization trajectory and establishes their relevance for other non-LDP parties that may come into power in Japan.
